NGHIEN Ciiu - TRAO DOI , SO SANH NHAN HOC SINH THAI PHUONG TAY VA VIET NAM NGUYEN CONG THAO Bai Viet so sanh qua trinh phat trien ciia nhan hoc sinh thai phuong Tay va Vl^t Nam tii nam 1960 den Trong mgt nghien cihi gan day, Kotlak da dira nhirng so sanh thii vj ve sir phat trien cua nhan hoc sinh thai glal doan 1960-1980 vffi giai do^n sau 1990 IT phirong Tay, dong thoi cung ggi ma mgt so van de ma cac nha nhan hgc can luu tam thoi gian tot bdi tlnh thvl dai cua chiiiig (Kottah 1999) Co sd can ban cho cac phan tich bai viet dua tren nhung thao luan ve hch sir phat trien ciia nhan hoc sinh thai a Viet Nam'" ciing nhu Iren the givi'" ma lac gia da cong bo Thong qua viec so sanh quan diem tiep can, doi luvng, ptiam vi va phuong phap nghien ciru, bai viei se chi dau la diem tuong dong, khac biet giua cac nha khoa hgc d tiai khu vuc ciing nhu mgt so nhan to anh hudng den nhimg dgc diem Nhan h^c sinh thai "cu" 1.1 Khdi qudt Day la khai niem ma Kottak diing de de cap den xu the nghien cmi ve moi truong, sinh thai nhan hpc phuong Tay (dac biSt la Mi) nhimg nam 1960, keo dai d6n dSu nhimg nam 1980, Dac diem noi bat ciia giai doan la su anh hudng manh me cua chu nghla ciu true va thuyet he thong Duoi lang kinh nay, nguai thuoc nhirng quan the sinh thai (ecological population) va tu nhien bao g6m cac he sinh thai (eco-sytstem) Chiing kha khep kin va biet lap Moi cong dong toe nguoi la mpt quan th£ rieng va tuong tac voi chi he sinh thai ma ho song voi lan ranh gioi ro ret Trong moi tuong tac do, moi cpng dong CO xu huong thong qua thuc hanh van hoa ciia minh de' vCra sinh ton, vira thich irng, vira khong pha va ciu triic, sir on dinh cua moi he sinh thai Viec nhdn manh vai tro thuc hanh van hoa din den su dai ciia mpt thuat ngir kha bien Irong giai doan la sinh thai hpc van hoa g5n lien voi ten tuoi cua hang loat nha khoa hpc tai danh nhu Steward, White, Rappaport hay Netting Dac die'm chung cua giai do£m la viec nhin nhan thuc hanh van hoa nhu la sir thich iing vai dieu kien tu nhien, thong qua nhirng trai nghiem cua rieng timg tpc nguai Nhung thuc hanh dupe dua dua tren tri thirc, nhan thuc cua hp vi moi truong s6ng xung quanh Nhihig tri thirc tao nen cai gpi la khoa hpc tpc nguoi (ethnoscience) von bao gom hai mo hinh ca ban la mo hinh nhan thirc va mo hinh hoat dpng (cognized and operational models) Mot nhihig nghien ciru kinh dien dai dien cho truong phai la nghien cuu cua Rappaport Qua viec khao ta nghi le hiSn te Icm dupe bp tpc Tsembaga Maring o Papua New Guinea to chuc dinh ki, Rappaport cho rang nghi le c6 chuc nang di&u ti6t m6i quan h6 hai hoa giiia ngucri va moi truong ti; nhien (xem them Nguyen Cong Thao 2O09) 1.2 Mot vdi tuong dong vd khac hiit vdt' Unh hinh nghien ciiu dViet Nam Nhin lai nhung nghien cuu v6 moi trucmg duoi goc dp van hoa, dan tpc hpc giai doan 1960 -1999, co the nhan thay co die'm vira tuong dong, vua khac biet so voi cai gpi la nhan hpc sinh thai "cii" d phuong Tay, Co the' tam dua die'm tuong d6ng sau: Net tuong dong dau tien la van dh quan he giira ngudi va moi tnrdng tu nhien cung dupe nhidu hpc gia Viet Nam di cap den khoang thdi gian Chi tinh rieng tren Tap chi Ddn tdc hgc,tu nam 1974 -1996, da co 70 bai de cap den van de moi trudng, sinh thai va dan s6 (Khong Didn 1998) Do la chua ke dfen TAP CHi VHDG SO 1/2015 hau hit cac chuyen khao vh nhom tpc ngudi hay mot tpc ngudi cu the, vin dh moi trudng, sinh thai thudng duoc danh rieng mot phan de mo ta Them nira, ngoai cac nha dan tpc hpc, cac nha dia li, nong hpc cung de cap den kha nhieu vin de sinh thai, canh quan viing cao d Viet Nam m6i tuong tac vdi ngudi nhu hai hpc gia Dao The Tudn va Le Ba Thao Gidng nhu nhilu hpc gia phuong Tay, kha nhieu nha dan tpc hpc Viet Nam tap trung nghien ciiu cac van d6 lien quan den san xudt nong nghiep ciia nhung tpc ngudi thieu so vung cao: tu he canh tac, kl thu^t cham soc cho den cac nghi le lien quan Diem tuang dong thii hai the hien qua viec nhin nhan cac thuc hanh van hoa Giong nhu cac nha nhan hpc sinh thai phuang Tay d giai doan nay, cac hpc gia Viet Nam cung cho rang thuc hanh van hoa cua moi tpc ngudi mang tinh thi'ch ung cao vdi dieu kien tu nhien Dieu the hien qua kiSn tnic nha ciia, trang phuc, cong cu san xudt, he thong thuy Ipi hay tin ngudng ciia nhiSu tpc ngudi thieu so cu tru d viing cao Moi tpc ngudi duac khao ciiu nhu mpt the gidi kha khep kin, vdi ban sac rieng, dupe thai nen va nuoi dudng mpt khong gian tu nhien c6 ranh gidi xac dinh Nha san dupe coi la the thich irng khon kheo vdi dieu kien hau ciia mpt so tpc ngudi, giiip ho tranh lanh, tron nong, ngan sirde dpa ciia dpng vat gay hai (Nguyin Khde Tung 1974) Hinh thiic sd hiru cpng ddng duoc coi la cong cu hihi hieu de bao ve tai nguyen riing (Cam Trpng 1978) Nam rai rac nhieu mo ta ban sac van hoa tpc ngudi, khong it nghien cuu da de cap den the ung xu vai moi trudng tu nhien cua cac nhom tpc ngudi thieu so vung cao thong qua he thong thiiy lgi, he canh tac, ca cau miia vu hay quan li su dung tai nguyen (Cam Trpng 1978; La Cong Y 1977) Nhiing thich ling the hien qua nhieu hinh thirc khac nhu kl thuat trpt (Nguyin Anh Ngpc 1975), kl thuat lam dat, su dung phan bon, he thdng tudi lieu (Nguyen Van Huy 1974), quy udc sir dung, bao ve rung (Cim Trpng 1978) hay tin ngudng nong nghiep (Khong Diln 1975) Mot each phan loai tpc ngudi kha pho' bidn giai doan la dua vao khu vyc cu tru Qua c6 cac tpc ngudi viing cao, vung giira va viing thdp M6i khu vuc gan vdi mpt dac trung rieng nhu canh tac liia nuoc vdi nh6m viing thung lung, nuang rly vdi vung cao va kit hpp d nhom viing giiia Nhiing dac trung tu moi trudng tu nhien va xa hoi tao nen viing canh quan tpc ngudi (Ngo Diic Thinh va cpng su 1985) Cach phan loai viing co net tuong dong vdi khai niem he sinh thai va qudn the sinh thai ma cac nha nhan hpc sinh thai phuong Tay dl cap qua mo ta cua Kottak Diem tuong dong thii ba la viec cac nghien ciiu thudng tap trung vao nhiing cpng d6ng viing cao, kha biet lap, dua tren nen kinh tl tu cung tu cap de dap iing cac nhu cau sinh tdn can ban Dien da dan tpc hpc tai mpt dilm nghien cihi, khoang thdi gian tuong ddi dai la phirong phap phd' biln giai doan Ket qua cua nhiing dpt diln da la nhung bao cao khoa hpc vdi nhirng mo ta chi tiet, sinh dpng ve ddi tuang nghien ciiu Net tuang dong ddng thdi phan anh bdi canh lich sumacac nha nhan hpc trai nghiem Trong khoang nhung nam 1960 -1980, da phin cac nha nhan hpc phuang Tay trien khai nghien cihi thuc dia d viing mien mii, xa xdi heo lanh d chau Phi, viing Amazon hay mdt so dao tren Thai Binh Duong Ddi tirpng nghien cuu ciia hp la cac cpng ddng thieu sd tai cho (ma hp thudng gpi la bp tpc: tribe), vdn chua hoa nhap vao mang ludi phat trien cua viing hay qudc gia, O Viet Nam, da phdn nghien cuu cua cac nha dan tdc hpc giai doan tap trung vao cac nhom tpc ngudi thilu sd khu vuc miln niii phia bdc Khu vuc dd thi, nong thdn dudng nhu it duoc quan tam giai doan Ben canh nhirng tuang ddng dy, cung co the liet ke mpt sd khac biet giira cac hpc gia Viet Nam va phuong Tay Nhihie khac biet the hien rd net nhat d quan diem li thuyet Dii khdng true tilp gpi ten nhung hai hudng tien hda luan the hien kha ro net mpt sd nghien cuu ve cac tpc ngudi viing cao Viet Nam Khuynh hudng dien xudng kha phd bien thdi ki la gdn hinh thiic canh tac, cu trii vdi trinh dp phat triln ciia tdc ngudi Nuong ray mac dinh duac coi la thdp hon so vdi liia nude; la tac nhan dan den suy thoai mdi trudng; nhieu tin ngudng lien quan din rung dupe coi NGHIEN CUXJ - TRAO o6\ la lac hau, me tin dj doan (Dang Nghiem Van 1975, 1979; B I Viet Dang 1980) Nguyen Van Huy (1974) tham chi ket luan viec ngudi Dao Thanh y tdn thd tin ngudng van vat hihi linh la "bieu hien roi rdt lai nhimg tan du sinh hoat tinh than ciia xa hdi nguyen thiiy" (tr 67) Day la each nhin tiing kha phd bien suot the ki XIX, ddu the kl XX d gidi hpc gia phuong Tay, CO MT Sudt mpt thdi gian dai, quan dilm "lay chau Au lam trung tam" (Eurocentrism) CO anh hudng manh me tdi nhieu hpc gia phuang Tay cd cac nha nhan hpc Cach nhin dupe hinh ciing vdi qua trinh banh tnrdng, md rdng xam lupc thupc dia sudt thi ki XVIll - XIX Trong do, d giai doan nay, nhieu nha dan tpc hpc Viet Nam dudng nhu chiu anh hudng cua quan diem vi chung (ethnocentrism) co xu hudng idy van hoa cua tdc ngudi Viet nhu la dilm tua de so sanh vdi van hoa ciia cac tdc ngudi thieu sd khac Anh hudng ciia thuyet tien hoa luan don tuyen cdng vdi tu tudng "vi tpc ngudi" dudng nhu khien mdt sd hpc gia Viet Nam gap bdi rdi phai dua nhan dinh ve ban sac van hda ciia tdc ngudi minh nghien cihi Dieu the hien qua su chua nhat quan nhan dinh, CO thuc hanh van hoa thi duoc coi la tdt, CO thuc hanh thi lai coi la lac hau Dieu dang noi la nhimg nhan dinh la cua nha khoa hpc, dua tren trai nghiem ca nhan ciia hp qua mpt diem nghien ciiu cu the, hau nhu chua dupe kiem chiing bdi cdng ddng, thau hieu bdi canh chung cua ca too ngudi Cach nhin nhan co the thay qua nhieu nghien ciru ve canh tac nuong ray, ldi sdng du canh, du cu, tin ngudng san xudt ndng nghiep Co nghien cihi da chi rang nhihig tin ngudng ay "dii d dang nao, hinh thiic nao deu chira dung y nghia mong ngudi duoc manh khoe " nhung lai cho rang chiing van mang mau sac me tin (Khdng Dien 1975: 44) O mdt nghien cuu khac, co tac gia ket luan hinh thuc canh tac nuong ray lac hau chi vi bat cii chu ki san xuat nao ciing gan vdi nghi le (Ha Van Thu 1975: 57) Diep Dinh Hoa (1976) mac dii thiia nhan hinh thiic canh tac nuong ray la mpt the ung xii khdn kheo vdi mdi trudng tu nhien hieu qua nhung lai cho rang nd "vd tinh pha ho^i mdi trudng" 1.3 Nhgn xet Su tuong ddng va mdt vai khac biet nghien ciiu mdi trudng dirdi gdc nhan hpc giua gidi hpc gia phuong Tay va Vi?t Nam giai doan 1960 - 1980 chiu anh hudng ciia nhieu yeu td chu quan va khach quan khac Ve mat chu quan, truyen thdng coi dan tdc hpc roi sau la nhan hpc la nganh khoa hpc chuyen di nghien ciiu "ngudi khac" vin anh hudng manh me giai doan Gat bo yeu td chinh tri sang mpt ben, quan niem dan den viec nhin nhan nhung cpng ddng thieu sd can phai thay ddi, hoa nhap vao mang ludi qudc gia thdng qua viec tiep nhan cac gia tri, thuc hanh van hoa mdi trd mdt trao luu kha phd bien, dac biet d cac quoc gia nhu Viet Nam Ve mat khach quan, cudc Cach man^ Xanh vdi nd luc tang nang sudt san xuat nong nghiep duac bdt ddu tu Mexico rdi phat trien manh me va nhanh chdng, lan toa tren phgm vi thi gidi da co anh hudng quan trpng din mdi quan tam nghien CUTJ cua cac nha nhan hpc Ngoai Rappaport, Barth (1956), Geerlz (1964), Netting (1968) ciing nhilu hpc gia khac tap trung nghien ciiu mdi lien he giua quy md dan so, hp gia dinh, each td chuc san xuat d cap dp cpng ddng vdi nang suat, hieu qua cua he san xudt ndng nghiep Dudi goc dp sinh thai hpc tin ngudng, Marvin Harris (1985) nghien ciiu anh hudng cua dao Hindu qua viec tjiieng hoa bo ddi vdi san xuat ndng nghiep d An Dp Hdu het cac hpc gia nhan diroc tai tro tii cac quy phat trien ndng nghiep (Rockefeller va Ford Foundation) dl tien hanh cac nghien cihi nham tim hieu tri thiic, kinh nghiem san xuat, quan li tai nguyen cua cac cdng dong dia phuong Trong do, d Vi?t Nam, sau cai each rudng ddt, phong trao hpp tac xa, chuang trinh dinh canh dinh cu, xSy dung viing kinh te mdi phat triln manh Muc tieu phat triln san xuat ndng nghiep, tang nang sudt de dam bao an ninh luong thirc, phuc vu muc tieu dan sinh va cong cudc dau tranh thdng nhdt ddt nude la nhimg nhan td quan trpng, chi phdi mdi quan tam ciia cae nha nhan hpc TAP CHi VHDG s 1/2015 Dat boi canh tuyet dai da sd cac nha nhan hpc liic ay ddng thdi la can bd cac co sd khoa hoc ciia nha nude, tiln hanh nghien ciiu dua tren ngan sach eua nha nude, dieu de hieu la cac nghien ciiu phai gop tilng ndi chung vao ddng chay cua thdi cudc O mdt chieu canh khac, d Viet Nam trudc nam 1945, van hoa ciia cac tpc ngudi d vung cao thudng khdng dupe hilu, dien giai mdt each dung dan Thdng loi eua Cach mang thang Tam da thdi mpt lan gid mdi cac cdng trinh nghien cihi dan tdc hpc Su tham gia cua eac tpc ngudi thilu sd vung cao cudc dau tranh gianh ddc lap, su tang cudng giao luu giira epng ddng viing thdp vdi vung cao va dac biet la su thay ddi chinh sach cua cac nha nude la ylu td quan trpng dan din su thay ddi Dia vi phap li cua cac tdc ngudi vung cao dupe thira nhan va quyln binh ddng ciia hp so vdi tpc ngudi da sd duac khang dinh Hien phap"' Trong bdi canh ay, eac nghien cuu dan tdc hpc ndi chung, nghien cuu ve mdi trudng dinii gdc dp dan tdc hpc ndi rieng da ed nhiing ddi mdi Dd la viec li giai van hda cua mdi toe ngudi dieu kien mdi trudng tu nhien cua mdi tdc ngudi dd Tuy nhien, hoi hudng ciia tien hoa luan it nhieu van phang phat mdt sd nghien cihi va day la dilu kho tranh khdi nhu vdn tiing phd' bien gidi nhan hpc phuang Tay nhieu thap ki trudc dd Nhan hoc sinh thai "mdi" 2.1 a phuong Tdy Su khac biet giiia nhan hpc sinh thai "mdi" vdi nhan hpc sinh thai "cu" bieu hien qua tinh ling dung, dan vi phan lich, quy mo va phuong phap nghien eiiu Tii nhiing nam 1990 trd lai day, cac hpc gia quan tam nhieu hon den viec nghiSn eiiu lac ddng qua lai giiia ngudi va mdi trudng mot pham vi rdng Idn hon nhu vung, qudc gia, khu vuc Trpng lam cua cac nghien ciiu khdng chi hudng tdi he sinh thai, van hda dja phuong, ma hudng tdi din nhiing td' chiic va Ii^c lupmg ben ngoai (nha nude, td chiic phi chinh phii, cdng li da qude gia, ) Thay vi nhdn manh den mdi quan he giiia van hoa va mdi trudng, xu thi phd bien hon la tap trung tim hieu tac dpng cua chinh sach, thi chi chinh tri ddi vdi qua trinh suy thoai mdi trudng Muc dich ciia nhiing nghien cdu nham: dl xual va danh gia chinh sach; khdng chi hieu ma cdn dua nhimg giai phap phu hpp cho van de suy thoai mdi trudng; xac dinh vai trd cua truyen thdng, cac td chirc phi chinh phu va nhiing mdi de dpa khac viec tri tinh ben viing cho mdi trudng Nhirng van de nghien cuu trd nen thuc te va mang tinh thdi su hon thudng lien quan den da dang sinh hpc, suy thoai mdi trudng, thien tai, cdng bang hudng dung, quan li tai nguyen, xung dot mdi trudng Ve mat phuong phap, nhan hpc sinh thai mdi CO thi dua vao mdt loat phuong phap nghien cuu su dung eong nghe cao Chdng han, viec chup anh ve tinh duac su dung de dinh vi nhirng diem ndng sinh thai (khu vuc rimg bi tan pha, khu vuc d nhiem) Phuong phap GIS (he thdng thdng tin dia li Geographycal information systems) va nhimg each tiep can khac dupe sir dung de lap ban dd ciia nhiing dang dir lieu khac ve dac diem ngudi va mdi trudng Cac dii lieu dieu tra cd the dupe thu thap thdng qua khdng gian rdng Idn hon (mang tinh viing) va khoang thdi gian dai hon (hang thap ki, tham chi the ki) rdi dugc tai hien lai nhdm muc dich so sanh Khac vdi d giai doan trudc, d giai doan cac nha nhan hpc sinh thai mdi nhin nhan ddi luang nghien ciiu thudng khdng phai nhu nhimg cpng ddng thuan nhdt ma nhu nhiing cpng ddng da dang, bao gdm nhieu nhom Igi ich khac va ludn ldn tai bdt binh ddng ve mat mdi trudng giua cac nhdm (xem them Kotlak 1999) Vdi each tiep can dy, nhieu nha nghien ciru da chi su mat can bSng mdi trudng d mdt sd khu vuc xudt phat tii su can thiep ciia cac luc lugng den lii ben ngoai Blaikie (1987) da chi nguyen nhan ciia viee can kiet tai nguyen ddt d chau Phi la chinh sach ddt dai cua cac nude dl qudc, chii khdng phai viec khai thac qua miic cua ngudi ndng dan ban dia Robbin (2(K)4) cho ring, subien ddi mdi trudng d viing chau Phi co nguyen nhan d su tac dpng mang linh he ihdng sudt chieu dai lich su ciia cac yeu td chinh tri, kinh te Dua tren NGHIEN CUU - TRAO o6\ kit qua tdng hgp phan lich bien ddi su dung dat dai d nhieu khu vuc, Bryan va Bailey (1997) cho rang, bien ddi mdi trudng ciing nhu sinh thai la san pham ciia chinh tri va ludn tdn tai ba gia djnh co Hen he vdi viec tiep can bat cu mpt van dl nao: chi phi va Ipi nhuan mdi luong quan vdi bien ddi mdi Inrong nhu la nhan Id quan trpng eac nhan td; gia tang hoac giam thieu bat binh dang xa hdi; mau sac ehinh tri vdi y nghia chuyen giao quyen luc giiia cac nhdm xa hdi, C6 thi thdy, each tiep can iheo hudng mdi nhan hpc sinh thai khien tinh iing dung eiia nhiing nghien cihi Ird nen rd rang ban Day la li ma d nhieu noi, thuat ngii nhSn hpc mdi trudng dan dan dupe su dung de thay thi cho nhan hpc sinh thai Nhin chung, cac nha nhan hoe mdi trudng lap trung tim hilu ba vdn dl chinh Thu nhdt, each thirc ma cac cdng ddng dua quyet dinh vl mdi tnrdng tu nhien dat bdi canh mdi trudng chinh trj, ap luc kinh te va cac quy tac xa hdi Dudi phuang dien nay, cdng ddng dia phucmg viia la ehii the quylt djnh, vua la ddi tugng bi chi phdi bdi khdng ehi cac quyet dinh eiia ban than hp ma nhilu trudng hpp, bdi cac cjuylt dinh den luben ngoai Thu hai, nhirng mdi quan he bat binh dang eac cpng ddng anh hudng den mdi trudng Xu the ehii yeu dupe tim thay d pham vi la cac cdng ddng dia phuong cang bi "ngoai bien hoa" khoi mdi trudng tu nhien ciia hp va trd nen yeu the viec cac quyet dinh lien quan din chinh mdi trudng song ciia minh Thu ba linh da dang va phirc hgp ciia mdi trudng ty nhien, dieu ma cac nha hoach dinh ehinh sach, cac to chiic lien quan cdn nam vung Trong nhieu trudng hgp, cae chinh sach lien quan din khai Ihae va quan li tai nguyen khdng thuc sy hieu qua va diing ddn, ddn den lac ddng lieu eye ddi vdi ca nhirng cdng ddng dia phuong va mdi trudng tu nhien d 2.2 Mgt vdi tuong ddng vd khac biet vdi tinh hinh nghien ciiu d-Viet Nam Tit dau nhimg nam 1990 den nay, van de mdi trudng d Viet Nam cang dugc cac nha khoa hpc quan tam nghien ciiu Ben canh cac nha nhan hpc cd ca ndng hpc, dia li hoe, sinh thai hpc cung chia se mdi q^uan lam nay, Gidng nhu d phuang Tay, van de nghien ciru cQng da dupe md rdng bao gdm quan li, su dung lai nguyen thien nhien, hudng dung dat va tri thuc ban dia viee bao tdn da dang sinh hpc, tac ddng ciia chinh sach, dy an phat trien Pham vi nghien cihi ciing dugc mo rdng, bao quat toan dien cac mat kinh te, xa hdi, van hda, chinh tri mdi lien quan vdi mdi trudng lu nhien Diem chung ciia cac nghien cuu la diroc dat bdi canh cang CO nhieu thach thiic tii phia mdi trudng cho viec phat triln bin vung va do, dia ban nghien ciiu dugc md rdng lii vung mien niii xudng ca ddng bang, khu vuc dd thi Gia tri cua tri thiic ban dia, vai tro ciia chinh sach nha nude ddi vdi viee phat trien nen ndng nghiep ben virng da duge de cap den nhieu hon (Trdn Van Ha 1995; Le Sy Giao 1997; Ta Long 2003) Dilm chung ma cac tac gia de cap la viec phat trien cac md hinh san xuat ndng nghiep hien dai can dat bdi canh cua dieu kien tu nhien, tri thuc dia phuong cung nhu ban sdc van hda cua mdi tdc ngudi Vi6c ap dung mot chinh sach, nhu chinh sach giao ddt cho hd gia dinh chi co the cdng neu nd dam bao yeu td cdng bang va sy tham gia day dii, loan dien cua ngudi dan Irong qua trinh quylt dinh (Td Xuan Phiic 2002) Qua trinh thi trudng hda, nha nude hoa cac ngudn luc tai nguyen, dien hinh la riing, neu khdng tinh den vai trd ciia tap quan phap, co che quan li truyen thdng d dia phuong va van hoa Idc ngudi co the dan den xung dot va tan pha rung nghiem trpng (Hoang Cdm 2008) Dudi goc dp van hda, vai trd quan trpng cua tri thiic ban dia viec su dung, bao ve bin virng tai nguyen thien nhien la vdn dl duoc nhieu hpc gia quan tam (Ta Long 1999; Trinh Duy Luan 1998; Nguyen Xuan Kinh 2003; Tran Qudc Vugng 2005) Dieu dugc dac biet lam ro nhung cdng trinh nghien ciiu vl tri thiic ciia mpt sd tpc ngudi d viing mien niii phia bac phat trien ndng nghiep, bao ve rirng, tri sd hiiu dat dai cdng ddng (Hoang Xuan Ty va Le Trpng Cde 1998) Trdn Due Vien va cpng sy (2009) da chi rdng, ca vdi hinh thiic canh tac nucmg rdy vdn TAP CHI VHDG SO 1/2015 dircrc coi la khdng than thien vdi mdi trudng tren thuc te van dem lai hieu qua kinh tl, bao ve mdi trudng bdi cac epng ddng dia phuong da diic ket dugc nhiing kinh nghiem can thiet viec quay vdng miia vu, bo hoang ddt hay tri phuong thiic xen canh Nguyin Ngpc Thanh (1999) da chi cho din nay, ngudi Dao van cdn tdn tai eac quy dinh mang tinh luat tuc ve bao ve rung, dugc chuan hoa bang tuc ngii va nhiing quy ude hien van phat huy tac dung lich eye Day ciing la thyc le duge ghi nhan d mdt bd phan ngudi Tay hp van luu giu nhung quy udc bao ve riing va tai nguyen thien nhien tii lau ddi Nhiing quy udc dd khdng nhiing dugc nhae nhd chung loan cdng ddng ma cdn duge mpi ngudi nhdc din le cdng thd than Ngoai ra, ngudi Niing d ban Pd Liing, xa Vinh Quang, huyen Hoang Su Phi, tinh Ha Giang cii 30 thang am lich hdng nam den td chiic le cung d khu riing cam Tai le cung, cac quy dinh bao ve riing, ngudn nude, miia mang dupe nhae nhd va mpi ngudi cdng ddng thira nhan (Vuong Xuan Tinh 2000) Nhdm bao ve, ehdng chay riing, ngudi Thai d Tay Bae ludn lao vanh dai trang xung c[uanh nuong cua minh Ben eanh dd, hp cdn rat thuan thuc viee thuc hien chuyen canh, xen vu, gdi vy tren ddt nucmg (Trdn Van Binh 2001) Ngoai nhirng van de tren, mpt sd nghien ciiu ciing chi qua trinh suy kiet tai nguyen rimg, giam da dang sinh hoc va qua nhan dien nhung nhan to anh hudng tdi qua trinh Gia tang dan sd dugc coi la mdt nhung tac nhan ed anh hudng ldn den suy thoai mdi trudng (Pham Bich San 1994; Rambo ya cac cdng su 1998) Qua U-inh thudng dan din xung dot cdng ddng dia phuong va chinh xung dot lai tilp tuc cd lac ddng tieu cue din mdi tnrdng (Dang Dinh Long 2005; Nguyin Phiic Thp va Le Xuan Tam 2012) Viec di dan d at, khdng kilm soat vai thap ki trd lai day, sy hinh cac khu cdng nghiep, qua trinh dd thi hda ciing dugc coi la nhiing lac nhan din den nan pha rung, tranh chdp ddt dai, d nhiem moi trudng va sue khoe cdng ddng (Trdn Van Tiing chii bien 2005; Le Van Ha 2011; Trdn Thi Hdng Yin 2008) Td nhirng van de tren, ehinh sach ciia nha nude dugc coi ed vai trd eye ki quan trpng viec tri mdi quan he ben virng, hai hoa giiia ngudi vdi mdi trudng Bo la viec phai cd chinh sach dam bao quyen tiep can binh dang ddi vdi tai nguyen thien nhien cho cae cdng ddng dia phuong (Pham Thi Ngpc Tram chii bien 2006) hay qua trinh lai dinh cu phat sinh tir nhiing du an phat triln, van de bao ve mdi trudng phai duge dac biet quan tam ( T i ^ Thi Kim Thanh 2006) Trong bdi canh hien nay, viec dieu chinh quyen hudng dung dat, dac biet d viing cao thdng qua chinh sach cua nha nude can phai tinh den cac yeu td truyen thdng ciia cdng ddng lai chd (Sikor 2008; Sowerwine 2008; Hoang Cdm 2008) Mpt diem tuong ddng niia la mdi quan tam den quan li tai nguyen rirng nhu la mpt chu de dac biet dupe quan tam va dieu dupe the hien qua viec Tap ehi Ddn tgc hge, lan dau tien Ijch su cua minh, md han mdt dien dan "Quan li cdng ddng ve tai nguyen rung d Viet Nam" sudt sau sd tap chi tir sd nam 2011 din sd nam 2012''" Nhung vdn de ehinh dupe thao luan qua cac bai viet d dien dan tap trung vao cac van de: lam nghiep cpng ddng: tiem nang va thach thuc; chi tra dich vu mdi trudng rimg; chinh sach giao rung; mdi quan he giiia ngudi dan vdi nha nude va riing; mdi quan he giua chu rimg va ngudi su dung dich vu mdi trudng riing; quan li va sii dung ben viing lai nguyen thien nhien Thdng diep chung dirge dem thao luan d dien dan la viec nhan manh vai tro quan trpng cua ngudi dan ddi vdi viec quan li, bao ve cae loai lai nguyen rung Chinh vi the, sy tham gia cua hp can phai dugc thiic ddy va quyen lgi cua hp cdn phai dupe dam bao mdt each minh bach, cdng bang va bao hd bdi nha nude Day dugc coi la ylu td tien quyet nhdm xay dung nen lam nghiep cpng ddng ben viing Ngoai nhimg diem tuong ddng tren, khac biet can ban giiia cac nha nhan hpc phuong Tay va Viet Nam d giai doan chu yeu nam d phuang phap va pham vi nghien cuu Trong d phuong Tay linh lien nganh cang phd bien, cac cdng cu dinh lugng cang dugc ap dung viec danh gia suy thoai NGHiEN Ciiu - TRAO DOI mdi trudng, tac ddng giiia phat triln va bao ve mdi trudng ben viing thi d Viet Nam, dudng nhu day van cdn la vdn dl mdi me Trii mpl vai nghien ciiu dudi dang hgp tac vdi nude ngoai, theo dan dat hang cu thi ciia du an phat triln nao dd, hau hit nghien ciiu cua eae nha nhan hpc nude van dua tren dieu tra dinh tinh, lay dien da dan tdc hpc lam cdng eu chil lyc Van cdn nhieu nghien ciiu idy don vi thdn/ ban hay cao hon mdt chut la cap xa lam don vi nghien ciiu, mac dii bdi canh hien nay, nhieu yeu to tii ben ngoai (mang tinh vung, qudc gia, qudc te) lai cd anh hudng manh me den bien ddi mdi trudng hon la sy can thiep ciia cpng ddng tai chd Them vao do, chua nhieu nghien eihi nhin nhan van de bien ddi mdi trudng mdt chieu dai lich su hay cd nhiing so sanh mang tinh da dien 2.3 Nhgn xet Tu nhung nam 1990 den nay, anh hudng cua thuyet tiln hda luan gdn nhu khdng cdn hien dien cac nghien ciiu cua cac nha nhan hoe Viet Nam ma thay vao la "trao luu" cua thuyet tuong ddi van hoa'^' Su chuyen dich hoan loan cd li bdi eanh Viet Nam thuc hien Ddi mdi, tirng budc hpi nhap vao mang ludi khu vuc va the gidi Vai trd va tri Ihuc cua cac tdc ngudi thieu sd eung nhu gia tri ciia nd viec bao ve moi trudng da dugc thiia nhan Ngay cang cd nhieu nghien cihi chi rang cac chinh sach phat trien ciia nha nude can phai quan tam den dac diem van hda, sinh ke cua cac tdc ngudi tai ehd va coi day la dieu kien quan trpng d l dat dugc su phat triln bin vung Tuy nhien, can luu y rdng viec qua nhan manh vao li thuyet se dan den khd khan viec tang cudng tinh iing dung ciia mdi nghien cim Cang vc sau nhirng nam Ddi mdi, khac biet giiia cac nha nhan hpc Viet Nam vdi cac nha nhan hpc phuong Tay cang dugc thu hep Ngoai lac ddng d lam vT md, qua trinh giao luu, chia se nghien ciru giua cac hpc gia phuong Tay va nude cQng la nhan Id quan trpn^ diin din sy thay ddi Diln hinh la sy ket hpp nghien ciiu giiia Ban Mdi trudng thudc Trung tam Ddng Tay (Hoa Ki) vdi Trung tSm Tai nguyen va mdi trudng (CRES), Dai hpc Qude gia Ha Ndi thdng qua dur an hgp tac nghien eiiu vl phat trien ben viing vung mien nui phia bdc Viet Nam nhiing nam 1990 Cac td chiic phi ehinh phu tai Viet Nam nhu RECOFTC, Forest Trend, Care, Oxfam hay mpt sd td chiic qudc ll nhu Ngaii hang The gidi, Ngan hang Phat trien chau A cung ddng vai trd quan trpng viee dua nhung nh§n thuc mdi, each tilp can mdi va mpt sd giai phap cu thi ddi vdi vdn dl mdi trudng, quan li moi trudng ben viing Dilu thi hien qua hang loat dy an, bao cao khoa hpc hoac nhiing id chiic thuc hien, hoac hp lai trg ma ban dpc c6 thi de dang tham khao tren Irang thdng tin dien tu ciia mdi td chiic Thay ldi k i t Vdi ten gpi dinh danh nhu mdt hudng tiep cSn rieng nhan hpc van hda, nhan hpc mdi tnrdng cdn kha mdi me d Viet Nam Vl mat ehinh thdng, Phong Nhan hpc mdi trudng mdi duge lap tai Vien DSn tpc hpc nam 2012; bp mon nhan hpc sinh thai cung mdi chi dugc giang day eho sinh vien chuyen nganh nhan hpc ca nude vai nam trd lai day Tuy nhien, nhung vdn de li thuyet, ddi tugng, dac biet la phuong phap nghien ciiu vdn chua cd nhieu thay doi Dieu thuc sy dang suy nghi thdi gian tdi, nhung van de ve nhan hpc bien; suy giam rirng, da d^ng sinh hpc; biln ddi khdng gian sinh thai; lac dpn^ ciia thiiy dien, biln ddi hau den sinh ke ngudi dan se cdn dupe dac biet luu tam NIU van chi men Iheo nhirng ldi mdn cu se kho long ki vpng eo dugc nhiing ket qua nghien cihi chinh xac, mang tinh iing dung cao • Chij thich (*) Bai viet la san pham ciia de tai cap Bp "Mpt so li thuyet ve toe nguoi va tiep can nghien ciju d niroc ta" PGS.TS Nguyen Van Minh lam chii nhi£m, Vien Dan tpc hpc chii Iri, (1) Ng^uyln Thdm Thu Ha Nguyen Cong Thao, Pham Thi Cam Van (2013) "Nhan hoc sinh thai a Viet Nam: Hai giai doan mot chgng dumig" Tap chi Ddn tdc hoc, so 3^ (2) Nguyin Con^ Thao (2009), "Mot s6 each tilp can nghien ciiu moi quan he giira nguai va inisi truong" Tap chi Dan tdc hoc, s6 3, tr 12-24 (3) Quyln binh ding cua cac tpc ngucri thilu s6 nuoc ta Jupc thua nhan Hiln phap 1946 TAP CHI VHDG SO 1/2015 20 Sowenwine, Jennifer (2008), "Nha nuoc bien doi va cac quy luat thi tnJdng: Biln doi rudng dat va nen kinh t l thj tofdng tinh d vCing niii Ba Vi, Viet Nam", trong: Nhimg chuyen dm kinh te- xa hgi a vung cao Viet Nam, Trung tam Nghien cCru Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng -Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi, Nxb Khoa hoc va kT thuat, Ha Ndi, 21 Nguyin Ngpc Thanh (1998), Lang ban va nghi IS cda ngudi Dao dmgt xa mien nui, Bao cao dien da 22.NgdOucThinh,CamTrpng(1982),"Hesinhthaivdikinhle Tai tif u tliam khao va xa hpi dan tdc Thai", Tap chi Dan tgc hoc sd 4, tr 28 - 37 Hoang Cam (2CX)8), 'Lam "lam t^": Chinh sach tai nguyen aia Nha nu6c, kmh te thj truong, si;tranh gianh muu sinh va 23 Ngd DiJtc Thjnh va cong sy (1985) "Nghien cunj kinh te y nghTa ty nhi&n d mot thung lung viing TSy B^c Viet Nam", xa hdi miln nui phia Bac tti goc dd 'vung canh quan tpc trong: Nhiing chuyen ddi kinh te- xa hdi d vung cao Viet ngudi'" Tap chi Ddn tdc hgc, sd' 1, tr 37 - 42 Nam Trung tam Nghien ctru Tai nguyen va moi truong - Bai 24 Nguyin Phuc Tho, LeXuSn Tam (2012), "Mpt sd van de hoc Quoc gia Ha Npi, Nxb Khoa hoc va 1(Tthuat, Ha Noi v l mdi trudng ocac lang nghe BIC Ninh", Tap chi Kinh teva V6 Tri Chung (1984), 'Tai nguyen timg doi vdi cuoc song phat tnen, Bai hpc kinh te quoc dan, so 180 tr 33 - 47 va tnjySn thong san xufil ciia d6ng bao thudc cac toe ngucri 25 Ha van Thu (1975), "Vai nhan xet ve kinh t l nucmg rly Viet Nam", T^p chi Dan tgc hoc so 2, tr 46 - 51 ciia cac nhdm dan tpc a miln Tay Quang Tn", sd 1, tr 46 - 58 Le Trpng Cue (1996), "Vai tro cija tn thiic dia phuong a6i voi 26 Vd Thi Thudng (1986), "Rau rCrng va viec lupm hai, sij phat trien ben vung vung cao", trong' Nong nghiep (ren dit ddcdung 6vung Mudng Luong Son", Tap chi Dan tdc hgc so 3, -i^jung thach thdcvatSmnang,U3i.b.tiongr\ghi§p,HkNa tr 46-59 Ld Trpng Cue, Tran Oiic Vien (1997) Tiep can sinh thai 27 Vuong Xuan Tinh (2000), "Luat tiic ciJa cac dkn tpc Tay nhan vSn vaphat trien ben vdng mien nui TiyNam Nghi An - Niing vcfl v£n d l bao ve xa hdi va nguin tai nguydn™, Nxb Nong n^hif p Ha Npi Luat tuc va phat then nong thon hien d Viet Nam, Nxb Khong Dien (1975), 'NhQng tan du cua sinh hoat l