CAC HIEP HOI TO TRj VUl VIEC HINH T H A N H NEN D A N CHU OA TRj TRONG QUAN flIEM CUA RURERT ALAN OAHL ThS Pham Thi Hoa* Robert Alan Dahl (sinh nam 1915), la GiaosUdanh du Sterling cii a Dai hoc Yale (My), nai dng nhan bkng tien sTkhoa hoc chfnh tri nam 1940 Ong tdng la Chu tich Hiep hoi Khoa hoc chfnh tn My va ta mdt nhdng nha nghidn edu chfnh tn xuat sac hidn Dahl thudng duac coi nhU la "Hieu trudng" eua cac nha khoa hoc chfnh tri My Ong gianh duac danh hieu la cac tac pham ong vietra, kha nang lanh dao phi thddng day trf tue tren nhidu linh vde, va cung cac tdu ndi bit cua cac nha khoa hoc tdng la hoc trd eua dng Tac phim Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (tam dich la Chu nghJa da tri (da nguyen, da cde): Sd thamgia va phe ddi lap) xuat ban nam 1971 la mot nhdng tac pham ndi tidng nhat cua dng Trong tac phim nay, dng da dda va luan giai nhdng vdn dS cd ban vechu nghTa da tn vdi the chd, nguyen tac ca ban cua nd de tra Idi hai ciu hoi Idn la: thid't kd md hinh thd nao va td chde thue hien md hinh Ddng thdi, dng cung chl nhdng ydu td caban tac ddng den vide hinh ndn din chu da tri Nhdng phan tich, luin giai i'y cua Dahl ri't ddae quan tam va co anh hddng sau sac d cae nude td ban phat trien Bai vidt sedi sau tim hidu mdt v^n dd nho sd cac thd chd cua md hinh chu nghIa da tri, la cae hidp hdi tU trj Mot vai md ta ve chu nghfa da tri Dai bidu tidu bidu eua ehu nghTa da trj la R.Dahl, dng phat trien tU tudng ve ndn dan ehu da trj tU md hinh Madison Madison da chl mdt vi'n dd ed tfnh nan g i i i cua xa hdi la, sdng chung xa hdi, ludn e i n ed quyen lUc du Idn nhUng quydn lUe i'y can p h i i dupe kidm soit vl nd ludn cd xu hudng bj lam dyng bdi Ipi fch cua cac ea nhan, e i c nhdm, phe p h i i dan ddn sU tha hda quydn lUc d nhUng mUe dp k h i c Do do, Madison dUa muc tidu thidt ke he thdng • Hoc vien B3o chf va Tuyen truyen chfnh trj l i ndn cdng hoa khdng ehuyen chd, nghTa la nen ehfnh tri dan bau v i e d nhidm ky nhUng p h i i loai bd ydu to chuyen chd Ong cung l i p luan de ehi r a r i n g : sUchuydn chd eua thidu so la khdng d i n g sp, m i didu d i n g sp thUc sU la sU chuydn chd cua da sd, lai la da sd thien can, da sdtU Idi Dd loai bd chuyen ehe, Madison dUa hai didu kidn: Mdt la, khdng t i p trung quyen lUe ( p h i n lap); hai la, kiem soat eae Ipi ich cue bp, phe phai Mudn kidm soat dupe cae Ipi ich cue bp, phe phai, Madison dd xui't hai c i c h de g i i i quyd't van de: thU nhdt, p h i i loai bd nguyen n h i n dan ddn phe phii, nhidn, didu n i y la bat kha thi; thU hai, vl sU ton tai cua cac phe p h i i la tat ydu k h i c h quan, khdng the loai bd dUpc, nen ehi t i p trung v i p myc tidu ban chd hau q u i cda nd Dd kidm spit dUpc hiu qua eua phe p h i i thi ein xem xet hai trUdng hpp: Ndu phe phai l i thidu sd thi chl can bau CLf dinh ky theo nguyen tac da sd; ndu phe p h i i l i da sd ehuydn chd thi can phii phan t i n c i c phe phii t h i n h eae dPn vj b i u cd nhd, p h i n t i n , da dang de hp khd ket hpp da sdchuydnehd TAP CHl TKONG TIN DOI NGOAI S Q I T S T NRATHfGlltl • Bdn canh md hmh Madison, R.Dahl cung xem xet md hinh dan de t i p tmng chT ban che cda md hinh Mue tidu cda md hinh dan tUy l i tU l i m ehd v i mpi ngUdi binh dang vd mat chfnh trj (tUe l i m ehu nhUnhau) Dedat dupe mue tieu n i y thi can phUPngthUe la nguyen tac da sd Tuy nhidn, md binh cd nhUng ban chd la: 1) AI l i ngUdi dupc di bd phidu Cau hdi ndu khdng dupe tra Idi thda d i n g sd dan ddn nguy eP thap tung nghj trinh; 2) Lpa chpn tap the khdng co tfnh bac eau; 3) Ndu khdng bidt X thi Y ludn dupe chpn, nghTa la tu mang nghTa bi ddng R.Dahl n h i n tha'y e i hai md hinh tren ddu xui't phit tU vide coi dan chu la mdt g i i trj, xay dung md hinh theo hai each: each tdi da hda mue tidu hay c i c h ly thuydt, di tU ly tudng; va each thU hai l i md t i , di tU thUe td Ddng gdp eua R.Dahl la d chd, dng de xui't phUPng p h i p ket hpp e i hai each hai md hinh trdn; ddng thdi, bd sung thdm sp kidm soat tU xa hpi bdn eanh sp kiem soat eua chfnh Nha nUdc thdng qua Hidn phap, p h i p luat Ong eho rang, nhidu ngUdi khdng thdy hdt sU quan TAPCHlTHllNGTIHDiitNGOAISfl' 2ii^ eda sU p h i n l i p quyen lUe xa hdi ben canh sU p h i n lap quydn lUe bang thd ehd Ong dd xuat chCi nghTa da trj dd nhdn manh b i y the ehd va nam nguydn tac cua q u i trinh d i n chu, bao gdm: 1) Bau eCf c i c quan chUe; 2) Biu cd tU va binh dang; 3) Bau ed phd thdng dau phidu; 4) Tu Ung CLf; 5) Quydn dupe tu bidu dat eua ngUdi dan; 6) Da dang thdng tin; va 7) TU thinh l i p hidp hdi Nam nguyen t i e eua q u i trinh d i n chu la: 1) Bd phidu binh dang d giai doan quyd't djnh; 2) SU tham gia hidu q u i ; 3) Hieu bidt thi'u d i o ; 4) Kidm soit dupc chUPng trinh nghi sU; 5) Khdng loai trU Nhu viy, ed the thi'y, eie hidp hdi tu tri la mot nhUng thd che de thid't lap nen d i n chu da trj, va tinh tU tri eua eie hidp hpi dupe eoi la mdt nguyen tac cP b i n dd thid't lap md hinh Tinh tU trj cua cac hiep hoi - mot tidu chi quan de xay dUng nen dan chu da trj R.Dahl cho ring, ndu eic he thd'ng bau cCf eanh tranh dUPc d i e trUng bdi tfnh da dang cua c i c nhdm nhUng chu the c i m n h i n dUpe rd sU da dang eua c i e van dd ehfnh trj, thi eic quydn dan ehu cd thd dupc bio vd trinh dUpc sU bat binh dang chfnh trj mpt sU dam bio vUpt ben ngoii sU d i m bio ehi bdi hien phap v i p h i p luit Theo dng, ly thuydt d i n chu l i quan t i m den q u i trinh ma theo dd c i c cdng dan binh thudng thUc thi - d mdt mUc dp k h i cap quyen kidm soit c i e nha lanh dao R.Dahl cung eho ring, sU kidm soit n i y cd the dupe tri ndu cd hai cP ehd can b i n : c i c eude b i u CLf djnh ky v i sU canh tranh giUa eie d i n g phai, phe nhdm R.Dahl nhi'n manh ydu cau tu lap hdi Ong cho rang, de ed dupe c i c quydn khac nhau, edng d i n ed quydn lap c i c td chUe hoae hidp hdi tUPng ddi ddc lap, bao gdm c i cae d i n g phii chinh trj ddc lap va eae nhdm Ipi fch NhUng to ehUe cd gang i n h hudng den ehinh phu thdng qua canh tranh eie cudc b i u eu" va bang eae phUPng thUc hda binh khic Kbi xem xet sp phu hpp hay tfnh d i p Ung eua eae the ehd vdi c i c tidu chf hay nguydn t i c cua nen dan chu da trj, eie hidp hpi tu tri la mdt the ehd can thid't de d i m bio thUe hidn dupe 4/5 nguyen t i e can b i n cua ndn d i n chu IHIN RATHE G)dl da trj Cu the, dd dam bao ydu cau sU tham gia hidu q u i , can p h i i cd cac hidp hdi tu trj O dd, cdng dan cd quyen tU lap c i c hiep hdi, eae hiep hdi se giup edng dan tim kiem dUpc cP hdi va hidn thUe hda cP hdi i'y vide dUa quan diem vd nhUng van dd dang dupe ban thio, bay to sU t i n hay p h i n dd'i ddi vdi eie kdt q u i thda t h u i n Ddng thdi, thdng qua cac hidp hpi nay, eie ca nhan cd Ipi fch gan dUpc tap hpp lai, va vi vay, Ipi ieh cua hp dupe quan t i m nhidu hpn la eic Ipi fch ridng rd Tu lap eae hiep hdi eung la the ehd' c i n thid't dd dam bio nguyen t i c hieu bid't thi'u dao Hieu biet thi'u dao dUpc hieu la mdi cdng d i n ed eP hdi day du va ngang dd kham p h i v i xae n h i n sU lua chpn van dd de quyd't djnh rang se phue vy tdt nha't eho Ipi ich eua edng dan Tat nhien, mud'n hieu bid't thi'u d i o , edng dan can cd the chd dd ty bidu dat va quydn tidp xuc vdi da dang thdng tin NhUng mud'n tU bieu dat hay tidp xue thdng tin can phii cd mdi trUdng Va ehinh eic hidp hdi la mdi trUdng tdt nha't de tang cUdng sU hieu bid't eua eae cdng dan va dam b i o sU hieu bidt ay phyc vy cho Ipi fch cua hp, han che tinh trang IUa gat, bip bpm ve thdng tin chfnh trj Tu lap hpi cung la didu kidn can thiet de giup kiem soat nghj trinh Kiem soat nghj trinh la van de phUe tap va khd khan vl edng dan can phii cd cP hdi cho vide quyet djnh eae van 6e dupe dUa v i o chUPng trinh nghj sU, nhUng eP hdi i'y phii dim bio dupc yeu cau la eie van dd dupc quyet djnh bing each thUe eua qua trinh dan ehu Chinh vl vay, tidu chf can ed sU tham gia eua e i b i y the ehe de dam bio thUc hien dUpc mpt cich tdt nhat Su tham gia cua eae hidp hpi tutrj vao qui trinh kiem soat nghj trinh se gdp phan thue day qui trinh dan ehu di den thUc chat hpn thdng qua eP ehe phan anh c i c Ipi ich nhdm khic den eie quyet djnh van dd nghj trinh, khic phue dupe tinh trang thaotung nghj trinh Cudi cung, tudo lap hidp hpi eung la the ehe can th iet de dam bao nguyen tac khdng loai tru" Thdng qua cae hiep hpi, c i c cong dan hidn thpe hda cac quyen cua minh, ddng thdi cung thuc day hp thUc hidn eic trich nhidm chung Theo R.Dahl, tfnh tU trj cda c i c hiep hdi la can thidt dd xay dUng va tri ndn dan chO da trj Nd co vai trd tich cue vide thiic hien gdn nhU mpi nguydn tac cda ndn d i n ehu Tuy nhidn, van de dat l i , cd p h i i nao sU tdn tai cua c i c hidp hpi n i y cung ed vai trd tfch cUc dd'i vdi d i n chu? TTiu" nh^'t, khdng thd phu n h i n nguy cP ehfnh sU tdn tai cda c i c hidp hdi tU trj vdi nhUng Ipi fch cue bd eua hp, khdng d i n hp ddn ehd vl thidn ve bio vd Ipi fch cho phe nhdm minh, va vj thd dd Idn ed thd cd nhdng cp chd t i e ddng tieu eUc den eie q u i trinh dan chu m i l theo dudi Ipi ieh cda minh, si!f dung c i nhUng thu doan, mua ehude, thao tung c i nghj trinh, lam suy giim nen dan chu? Thd hai, nguy ed bat binh dang giUa cae cdng dan lieu cd the eung se la nguy CP ddi vdi c i c hidp hpi khic nhau? V i mdt eude eanh tranh Idi ieh didn giUa eic phe nhdm, day mau thuan vd Ipi fch eye bp ddn dp gay git, cd the la nguy ed chp sU dn djnh ehfnh trj xet trdn tdng the? Thd ba, b i n than ndn d i n ehu da trj can sU tUPng thfch cua b i y the ehd vdi (Tiep iheo trang 74) TJPtHiTK6NI!TI»B5lKGOJISl)'-g|j I SlTKIEHVABiHHLUAH thoai Tai Dd'i thoai, Dai tudng PhiJng Quang Thanh da cd bai phat bieu vdi chu dd "Quan ly nhUng cang thang chien lupc", dd nhi'n manh: Viet Nam nhan thUe rd, di'u tranh b i o vd chu quydn lanh thd l i thidng lidng Viet Nam nhi't q u i n chd trUPng kien tri g i i i quye't b i n g bien p h i p hda binh trdn eP sd Luat p h i p qudc td, dac bidt la Cdng Udc Lien hpp quoc vd Luit Bidn nam 1982; Tuydn bd vd Ung xij* cua eie ben d Bien Ddng; Tuydn bd nguydn tac diem cua A S E A N vd van de Bidn Ddng; tidn tdi x i y dung Bd Quy t i e Ung xd trdn Bien Ddng giUa ASEAN va Trung Qudc; va Thda thuan eua lanh dao cap cao hai nUde Viet Tmng, giU gin hda binh, dn djnh an ninh, an toan hang h i i , h i n g khdng Bien Ddng, giO dn djnh chfnh trj de tap tmng p h i t trien kinh td x i hdi, nang eao ddi sd'ng eua nhan dan va giU gin quan he hCili nghi truydn thdng giUa nhan dan hai nUdc Viet - Trung, thdng qua dUdng ddi thoai d nhieu ci'p, nhieu nganh vdi Trung Qudc de lam g i i m cang thang hien Vdi ehO trUOng tren, Viet Nam rdt kidm chd, khdng siHf dyng m i y bay, tau tdn Itfa, tau phio, ma ch? dung tau kidm ngU, tau e i n h s i t bien va t i u ea cda ngUdan, phdi hpp vdi lUc lupng chap p h i p de b i p vd ehu quydn, khdng ehu ddng dam va, khdng phun vdi rdng vao c i c t i u eua Trung Qudc Vidt Nam dd nghj Trung Qude rut gian khoan khdi vung dac quyen kinh td, them luc dja eua Viet Nam va eung Viet Nam dam p h i n dd giU dUde hda binh dn djnh va quan he hUu nghi hai nUdc Q CAC HIEP HOI TIT TR| V0I VIEC HINH THANH (T,^P theo trang 66) nam nguydn tac can b i n Ngoai ra, nd cung can p h i i vUpt qua e i e rao c i n khic nUa Trong ndn chfnh trj hidn dai, k h i n i n g hidn thUe hda mdt md hinh dan chd theo kidu da trj nhuthe lieu eddd dang? dd Thdm nUa, khdng p h i i nao va d i u , vide thidt lap e i e the chd dd kidm soat xa bdi tU ben ngoai thd cung la dd dang, bdi vl nd ludn ludn vap p h i i sU p h i n k h i n g tU ben bd may Thd td, kidm soat quydn lUe nha nUdc vd eP b i n can co chd kiem soat tU ben cac cp quan vdi nhau, nghTa la kiem soit bang hidn p h i p , luat Kidm soit tU xa hpi hay kiem soit tU ben ngoii la can thid't nhUng xet den cung cung ehi l i sU bd sung, khdng cd tinh quyet dinh, khdng g i i i quydt dupe van dd tha hda quydn lUc mpt each triet Tim hidu vd eae hiep hpi tu trj vdi ndn d i n ehu da trj quan diem cda R.Dahl rd rang eung cap eho chung ta mdt each nhin, eieh tidp can mdi vd vai tro eung nhu su tdt yeu k h i c h quan cQa vide lap c i e td chUe hidp hdi dd d i m b i o nen d i n ehu C i c hiep hpi tU trj rd rang la cp s6 de xay dUng va hpan thien ndn dan chu da trj, va thUc te nd da H dupc ehijfng minh l i rdt dung dan va phU hpp trpng ndn ehfnh trj cac nUde tu b i n p h i t trien Dat quan didm vao thdi didm ddi eua nd mdi cang thay hdt nhOng ddng gop Idn lao cda R.Dahl cho ehfnh trj hpc hien dai, cung nhu thUc tidn chfnh trj cda c i e nUdc phUdng Tay, d i e bidt l i My thidt kd va td chtJfc he thdng chfnh tri Tuy nhidn, vi cdn nhieu van dd cdn trao ddi va nghien cCiu, luan g i i i thdm ndn de cd the van dung vao thuc tidn chinh trj Vi^t Nam, chung ta can nhidu hon nhOfng nghidn cUu vd R.Dahl eung nhu vd chCi nghTa da trj cOa dng • TAP CHi THflNG TIN DOi NGOAI S f l ' ^