Nghi§n ciiu Gia d i n h va G i i So - J Chuan muc lion ntian: nliirng quan niem khac biet Tran Thj Van Nu'dng Vien Nghien citu Gia dinh va G\&\ Tom tat: Trong bdi canh bien chuyen xa hoi dfldi tac dong cua qua trinh cong nghiep hoa va thi hoa, chu^n mflc hon nhan la mot nhflng chu de thu hut sU quan tam ciia nhieu nha nghien cflu Theo do, sfl da dang quan niem vl chuan mUc hon nhan la mot ye'u to' khiln cac nha nghiSn cflu ban khoan tim cau tra Icli Bai viet trinh bay nhflng quan nilm khac bi|t ve chuan mflc hon nhan gifla cac nhom xa hoi khac va bfldc ddu phan tich mot so' yeu to' tac dgng de'n nhflng sfl khac biet Tii khoa: Chuan mflc hon nhan; Quan he hon nhan; Gia tri hon nhan Cd nhan djnh rdng mdt xa hdi chuyen ddi bao gid cung dat su chuyen ddi chung eiia ea nhiing gia tri, chuan muc Su bie'n ddi the hien d hai dang Ihflc thfl nhat la tri hoac cai tao thay t h i nhihig gia trj cu, lac hau khdng Ihi'ch hpp vdi xa hdi mdi va thfl hai la tao gid tri mdi (Le Ngpc Van, 2012) Theo David Mace (1998), ddi sdng hdn nhan hiln dai dang bien ddi nhilu de'n ndi hoan loan ldn tfl bfin ben ngoai theo nghTa den ciia nd Mace ly giai cho su "ldn tfl ngoai nay" la hdn nhan va gia dinh sudt ljch su nhan loai dang bi ph^ vd mdi trudng van hda - dd thi cdng nghifip mdi dang hinh khdp noi trfin thfi' gidi Vay d Vifit Nam, cac chudn muc hfln nhan co nhung thay ddi nhu ihl nao? Dua tren cdc kit qua khao sat Di tai cdp Bd: Tran Thi van Nlidng 77 "He gia tri gia dinh Viet Nam dudi gdc nhin xa hfli hpc" Vien Nghifin cflu Gia dinh va Gidi thuc hiln nam 2014 tai tinli Tlidi Binh, bai vifi't se gdp phan tra Idi cho cau hdi vl quan nilm cua ngudi dan ddi vdi cdc chudn muc hfln nhan hifin Chuan mi/c hon nhan va quan niem ve mot so chuan mirc hon nhan hien Chudn muc dupc hilu la nhflng quy udc chung cua ca cdng ddng hay mflt nhdm han hep cd thi cflng khai hoac ngdm an, song dupe mpi ngudi chia se vi mat hdnh vi (Mai Van Hai, Mai Kiem, 2003: 64) Cdn gia trj dupc hilu la nhung y niem trim tupng xac dinh dilu dupc coi la quan trpng, dang gid va dang ao udc pham vi mflt nin van lida Cac gia trj va chudn muc djnh hudng eho cac vien ciia mflt nin van hda each flng xu eho phu hop vdi mfli irudng xung quanh hp Gia U-j va chuan muc cd thi thay ddi theo thdi gian (Gidden ddn theo Le Ngpc Van, 2012) Hfln nhan la mdi thilt che phd bifi'n ciia Ioai ngudi va da tdn tai dudi nhieu hinh thflc Tfl xa xua, theo ghi nhan ciia Edward Watermark, Iuat phdp vd phong tuc da timg cflng nhan hdn nhan la quan he ciia mdt hoac nhilu dan dng vdi mdt hoac nhiiu dan ba (David Mace 1998) Tuy vay, da sd cac xa hdi hiln dai chi thfla nhan chudn muc hdn nhan mpt vp mflt chdng Vifit Nam, Luat Hdn nhan va Gia dinh nam 2000 (Diiu 2) quy djnh chudn muc hfln nhan nhu sau: "Hfln nhan tu nguyin, tie'n bfl, mflt vp mflt chdng, vp chdng binh ddng" Nhu thi khai niem "hdn nhan" d day dupc hilu la quan he cua mflt ngudi dan dng va mdt ngudi dan ba dupc ghi nhan bdi phong tuc hoac luat phdp liln quan de'n nhifng quyin va nghTa vu trudng hop ca hai ben ke't hdn va eon cdi dupc sinh lrong hdn nhan Do dd cd thi coi "mflt vp mflt chdng" la chuan muc cd ti'nh phap 15' ddu lien cua hdn nhan, va vi thi cai sinh hdn nhan la chuan muc cd tinh phdp ly til'p theo ma cdng ddng phai tuan theo Ngoai edn cd nhilu chudn muc du khdng dupc ihl c h i hda Irong iuat phap nhung vdn dupc xac lap vl mat hanh vi Theo dd quan he tinh due trudc hdn nhan sinh ngoai gid thti, nam nu chung sd'ng khdng kit hdn, sdng Ihu kel hdn mudn hay sfl'ng dde than, v.v dupc xem la khdng binh thudng khdng phu hpp vdi chudn muc chung vl hfln nhan Hdn nhan mdt vp mdt chdng va cae chudn mirc djnh hudng cho cac viln lrong xa hdi da dupc hinh tfl lau vd trd phong tuc ddi sdng xa hdi Nhtfng hanh vi di ngupc lai chudn muc va phong luc cua cdng ddng, xa hdi vi quan he hdn nhan bj coi la "Ifich chudn" Mac du vay nhu Mace (1998) ndi, "mdi trudng van hda - dd thj cdng nghifip mdi" da khifi'n cac chudn muc ve hdn nhan Ihay ddi theo thdi gian Cac sd lieu dieu tra d Thai Binh ddn dudi day da phan anh quy luat Sd lieu khao sat cho thdy, lrong so hiln tupng dupc dua ra, chudn 78 Nghien cflu Gia dinh va Gi6i Quyen 24, so 4, tr.76-84 Bang Quan niem ciia ngudi dan ve cac chuan mflc hon nhSn (%) Khong binli thuimg Khong biel Quan he linli due ngoai hon nhan 7,3 92,2 l),5 S-ingihir Binh thuong S,K W,5 Nam nil tihung song khong kel hon 13,3 H6,2 0,5 Kel htm (.iing gu'n linh 11,6 H5,l 3,.l Quan he linh tlut inn's; hun nhan 28,2 Nam nu ihich song ISCK than 33,3 Phu nii/ram gii'n khong chOng/viK-ouon Nam nii ihuimg kel hon munn fi3 K5,K 71,3 1,7 0,5 fi6.2 0,5 36,3 0,5 14,2 {) muc da cd su thay ddi so vdi truyln thdng nhiiu han chudn muc cdn Iai VI tudi kit hdn xa hdi iruyen thdng nam nfl thudng kl't hdn d dd tudi rdt sdm Cau ngfl "nfl thap tam, nam thap luc" da phan anh quan nifim cua ngudi xua vl dp tudi dupc coi la chudn muc de di tdi hdn nhan Sau Luat Hdn nhan va Gia dinh nam 2000 (Dieu 9) quy dinh vi ludi kit hdn nam tfl 20 tudi trd len nfl lfl 18 tudi trd len Dilu tra tai Thai Binh cho thay cd 85.8% ngudi tra Idi cho rdng vific kfi'l hdn mudn la dilu binh thudng Kfi't qua Ihdng nhal vdi cdc phdt hifin tfl Tdng dieu tra Dan sd va nha d nam 2009 cho rdng xu hudng kfi't hdn cham dang tang lln gia dinh va ca chinh cac nam, nu nien mong mudn danh thim thdi gian de cd dil dp chin chdn can Ihiet cung nhu su dn dinh vl nghi nghifip, thu nhap hpc van tao thuan Ipi va bin vflng cho ddi sdng gia dinh sau (Nguyin Thanh Binh, 2012) Dfl'i vdi chuan muc sinh lrong hdn nhan, cd tdi 63% ngwdi tra ldi cho rdng mflt ngudi nam hay nfl cd the khdng ke't hdn ma van cd la hien lucfng binh thudng xa hdi Cdn lai gdn 40% ngudi tra ldi cho rdng dd la diiu khflng binh thudng Tim kifi'm Iy giai qua cac phdng vdn sau va thao luan nhdm cd the thdy ro thai dp ky Ihj dd'i vdi vile nudi ngoai gia thu da giam di ro ret ngudi dan vdn tin rdng gia dinh ddy du la su lua chpn td't nhdt cho su phat trien ciiatre em; "So vdi thdi phong kien thi bdy gid vd'n de khdng chdng md cd da difOc xd hgi chd'p nhdn Gdn nhu Id citng cd ve nd rgng ItfOng hon chii' nd khdng phdi bi nhin cdi cdch md xa Idnh hay Id mot cdi gi nd ky thi nhieu " (TLN can bfl phudng Di Tham) Ty il % ngudi tra Idi cho rdng nudi mdt minh la mdt vific binh thudng la mdt su thay ddi dang k l so vdi truyln thfl'ng Ronald Inglehart (2008) cho rdng dfli cdc thill c h i djnh hinh nfin cac gia irj van hda va ddi van hda lai dinh hinh nin cac thil't che Trong irudng hpp nay, khia canh thfl hai da dupc chflng minh bdng su ddi ciia nghj djnh sd 158 nam 2005 cua Chinh phii vi viec dang ky vd quan \f hd tjch Khi dd de dam bao quyin dupc khai sinh cho tre em sinh ra, khflng Tran Thi Van Nflflng 79 phan biet hay ngodi gid thu, deu cd thi dupc khai sinh day du ca me va cha neu dupc thfla nhan Trong xa hdi Uuyin thdng, vdi chudn mue vl trinh tilt, quan he tinh due trudc hdn nhan, dac bill la dfli vdi phu nfl, la mdt dilu C£&n ky Vi pham chuan muc se chju su triing phat nang nl ca ve thi xac va tinh thdn Ngay nay, quan niem vi trinh tilt da khflng cdn khat khe nhu trudc day Kit qua nghifin cuu cua Nguyin Quy Thanh nam 2006 cho thdy 27,7% sfl' sinh vien dupc hdi cho rdng hp khdng coi chuyfin trinh till la quan trpng va 19,2% cho rdng quan he tinh due irudc hdn nhan la chuyen binh thucftig va cd thi ehdp nhan dupc Tac gia cho rang vific cd gdn mdt phdn nam sd sinh vifin dupc hdi coi quan hfi linh due irudc hfln nhan la binh thudng la mpt su thay ddi dang kl djnh hudng gia trj cua sinh vien Trong nghien cflu cua chflng tdi tai Thai Binh, gdn mdt phdn ba sd ngudi tra ldi coi quan he linh due trudc hdn nhan la vific binh thudng Sdng dflc than cung ddn trd xu hudng dupc chap thuan vdi 33.3% sd ngudi tra ldi cho la mdt viec binh thudng Nhu vay, theo thdi gian, mflt sfl' chuan muc vl hfln nhan da bie'n ddi theo ehilu hudng cai tao nhung chudn muc cu cho phu hpp vdi ddi sdng xa hdi hiln dai Phan tich lupng quan cung cho tha'y dfl cd kit nfli tai kha cao (v^ r=0.32; 0,44 va 0.48; p=0,000) gifla eac quan nifim vl sdng thu, chung sdng khdng kfi't hdn, quan hi linh due trudc hdn nhan va kit hdn cung gidi tinh Dieu cd nghTa la nhtfng ngudi cho rang sd'ng thfl la binh thudng cung cd xu hudng cho rdng nam nfl chung sd'ng khdng kfi't hdn, quan he tinh due trudc hfln nhan va kit hfln cDng gidi tinh la binh thudng va ngupc lai Nhu vay, infll nhdm ngudi xa hpi dang ddn thich ung vdi cdc chuan muc mdi vl hfln nhan Quan nilm ciia ngudi dan vl tinh due ngoai hfln nhan, sdng thfl chung sfl'ng khflng kfi't hdn va kel hdn cung gidi tinh it cd su thay ddi theo chieu hudng mdi so vdi quan niem vi tinh due trudc hfln nhan tinh trang ddc than, kit hdn mudn vd viec nudi mflt minh Quan he linh due ngoai hfln nhan la hien tupng xa hfli nhan dupc su phan ddi cao nhat mdu nghien cun (92,2%) Dilu cho thdy chung thuy vdn dupc coi la chudn muc quan trpng xa hpi hiln dai Tuy nhien, ndi ham cua khai niem chung thuy da cd su biln ddi theo thdi gian Trudc day chudn muc truyln thdng chi ylu cdu su chung thuy khdt khe tfl phi'a ngudi phu nfl "trai ndm the bay thiep, gdi chinh chuyen mgt chdng" Ngay nay, lrong xa hdi hien dai, chudn muc chung thuy dupc dp dung cho ca nam va nfl, ca chdng va vp: " Gid chung thiiy phdi d cd phia ddn dng, nid chung Id cd hai" (TLN cdn bfl xa An Cdu) Trong quan nifim vl tinh due trudc va lrong hfln nhan, cd 28.2% ngudi tra Idi cho rang quan he tinh due trudc hdn nhan la binh thudng, cao han so vdi ty lfi ddng tinh vdi vific cd quan hfi tinh due ngoai hfln nhan (7,3%) 80 Nghien cflu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 4, tr.76-84 Do cd the hilu rdng ngudi ta cd the ddng tinh vdi vific quan he tinh due trudc hfln nhan nhung khflng ihl chdp nhan dflpc vific quan h i tinh due ngoai hdn nhan Hdn nhan vdn la mflt chuan muc dupc da sd ngudi dan thfla nhan hien Cu Ihl vdi hien tupng "sfl'ng lhu' va "chung sfl'ng khdng kit hdn" Idn lupt cd 89,5% va 86,2% ngudi tra ldi khdng djnh dd la hifin tupng khdng binh thudng Tuy vay, cung cd ngudi nhin nhan d mdt gdc dp khde va fiho rang dd la lich cue: "Sdng thif Id vdn minh, deminh xem cd hda hgp duoc vdi khdng rdi mdi tien tdi hdn nhdn " (TLN nam ngUdi dan phudng De Tham) Kit hdn cung gidi dupc coi la mdt hien tupng mdi ddi sd'ng, di ngupc vdi nhflng chudn muc hien cd xa hdi Viet Nam, tham chi la dd'i vdi nhieu qud'c gia khac tren Ihl gidi Vl mat luat phap, Luat Hdn nhan va Gia dinh (sfla ddi), dupc Qud'c hdi thdng qua 19/6/2013 khdng dinh Nha nudc khdng thfla nhan hdn nhan gifla nhung ngudi cung gidi tinh Do vay kfi't hdn cung gidi tinh khflng phai la mflt chudn muc dupc luat phap thfla nhan Tuy nhifin, dilm thti vj la cd II ,6% ngudi Ira Idi ddng linh vdi quan dilm vl hdn nhan ddng gidi Dd la quan diem tifi'p can dita trfin quyen ciia mfli cd nhan Nhu vay, quan niem vl cac chudn muc hdn nhan, khu vuc cd tu tudng truyln thfl'ng dang thu hep ddn hon so vdi nhung tu tudng hifin dai Cu the su khac biet dd se dupc phan tich phdn dudi day Su dong nhat va khac biet quan niem ve chuan mirc hon nhan glGra cac nhom xa hoi Thuyet tuang dd'i van hda chi rdng ndi bd ciia mflt nin van hda cung cd nhung dilm khac biit dang ke Nhifng ngudi lrong mdt nen van hda khdng til'p thu cdc khufln mdu van hda mdt each thu ddng Irong mfli the gidi quan thudn nhat Ngupc lai ngudi cd xu hudng cai tao cac khudn mdu lac hau va sang tao nhiing khudn mdu mdi phii hpp vdi hodn canh tao nen su bifi'n ddi ciia van hda Nhu vay, thuyet tuong ddi van hda da Iy giai rd net vl nhung khac biet quan niem vl chudn muc hfln nhan giua cac nhdm ngudi irong cflng mdt cflng ddng (Ll Ngpc Van 2013: 161) Khao sat dThai Binh cho thdy ca su ddng nhdt va khac biet quan nifim hdn nhan gifla eae nhdm xa hfli thuflc dja ban cu trfl nghi nghiep, gidi tinh, nhdm tudi trinh dp hpc vdn va mflc dp sir dung cac trang ihifi't bi hien dai gia dinh khac Su tuong ddng ro net nhdt gifla cac nhdm xa hdi la ddi vol chudn muc vl su chung thiiy hfln nhan Kfi't qua phan tich cho tha'y khdng cd su khac bill cd y nghTa thdng kl ddi vdi chuan mirc gifla bat ky nhdm xa Tran Thi Van Nfldng 81 Bang T y le nhiimg ngirfti Qng ho cac quan diem hon nhan - gia dinh mdi theo dac diem ca nhan cua ngircri tra I6i (%) QuHn Song he Ihii Nam nB Kel Q u a n he hon l l n h due tinh cfaung ciing due stmg gidi ngoai khong linh Irudc nhan song doc than Namni^ uB/nam Ihutmg giiH k e l hon khong muon chongivo hon nhan Qiai l i n h Nam NO Phu N a m nir thich hon y.i 9.y M,K is.n K.(l 12.9 n •fi ni.2 11.7 W.^ Il.i • 27.2 2y'' fis.y 82,8 18.7 *s,y 61.2 87.9 43.8 42.6 61.9 24,9 28,9 61 S X4,K 17.9 29,5 fil.K NS.!) 37.0 29.8 *i94 666 N41 N7,l '2.7 •W5 64.9 M Kfi.K K4.1 Hoc van N T L Ti^uhticitiixuMni mcs THPT Trung c i p In'i l£n N h d m [udi N T L Dudi i5 liuii KS TftVi-54lurii V.fi Tu.«lgriilnVli!n 3.y 11.9 9.1 'i.s K.2 6.4 11.7 6.0 6.-'i N,fi 6.5 12,9 17,6 8.6 9.2 KKI fighi nghiep M L Ndnj; lika Cfiny/vifin thilL KinhdiianhAliLh vi Lhn Ihuf N);hl huu Nghf kliJt Dia dil^m Riui'inj! Di Thim Xa An CJu So Ihid hi hicn dai lrong GD ihifii hi hicn tliii itiV xuc'mg 'ilhieihihiindtiiln'rlfn Thu nh^p buih quan'ngudi I iriiuini ttudng Til hifn I IriOu ilf'n iriCu Trtn In^u • 16,4 10,4 15,7 7,7 11.9 l.'i,7 U 16.7 *• *• 34J 22,1 • •• 24,1 35,2 Miic S nghTa t l i n g k^: * p < : * * p < : * * * p < 0.001 hdi ndo NghTa la cac danh gia binh thudng hay bat binh ihudng vdi chudn muc vl su chung thuy dupc nhdt tri cao khdng phu Ihudc hp la nam hay nfl, sinh sd'ng d dau, hpc vdn, nghe nghifip va cac dac dilm ca nhan khac ciia hp nhu t h i nao Chung thiiy dflpc thfla nhan nhu la gia trj phd quat cho mpi ngfldi hdn nhan 8£ Nghien cflu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 4, tr.76-84 Co hdn nhan ia mot nhflng chuan muc dflpc dua vao dilu tra Gia tri the' gidi Tuy vay kit qua cua hai cudc dilu tra da cho thdy ngudi dan cang khoan dung hon ddi vdi viec vi pham chudn muc (Ronald Inglehart, 2008) Nghifin cflu tai Thai Binh cflng chi day la mdt hifin tuong cd su tuang ddng cao quan nifim "khdng phan xet" viec cd ngoai gia thu gifla cac nhdm xa hdi Theo dd, du la ngudi dan d ndng thdn hay dd Ihi, nhdm ngucft cao tudi, trung nien, hay tre tudi, hpc van cao hay Ihap khdng phan biet nghe nghiip, thu nhap diu cho rang vific mdt ngudi dan dng hay phu nfl khdng ke't hdn ma cd la diiu binh thudng Trong dd: sdng thir kfi't hdn cDng gidi tinh, kit hdn mudn, tinh due trudc hfln nhan, chung sfl'ng khflng ke't hdn va sd'ng ddc than nhan dupc nhilu y kiln trai chieu gifla cac nhdm xa hdi Dac bilt, quan hfi tinh due Irudc hdn nhan va kit hdn cCing gidi Iinh la hai hien tupng cd nhflng y kifi'n da dang nhat giua cac nhdm xa hdi da nlu trfin Ddi vdi hifin tupng ke't hdn gifla nhtfng ngudi cung gidi tinh cd su khac biet ro net quan diem ciia ngudi dan d hai dja ban ndng thdn va thj gifla nhflng nhdm ngudi cd trinh dp hpc van, nghi nghifip, dp tudi va sd huu nhiiu thie't bj hifin dai khac Nhung ngudi d khu vuc dd thi, ngudi hien dang la cdng nhan vifin ehfle va kinh doanh/djch vu; ngudi cd hoc van cao, ngudi tre ludi va sd hflu nhiiu thil't bi hien dai cd xu hudng ung hd hdn nhan ddng gidi han so vdi nhiing nhdm ngudi cdn lai Kel qua tuang ddi thdng nhdt vdi cae phai hifin cua mdi nghifin cflu gdn day vl hdn nhan cung gidi cho rdng nhung ngudi tre tudi, ngudi hpc van eao, ngudi lhu nhap cao, ngudi sdng d thi va ngudi cd quen bie't hoac cd nhilu thdng lin vi ngudi ddng gidi cd xu hudng iing hd hdn nhan ddng gidi nhiiu hon nhiing nhdm edn lai (Viin Xa hfli hpe va cac CO quan khac, 2014) Vdi chuan muc vl su trinh tiet su khac biet cd y nghTa thfl'ng ke the hifin d tdt ca cac nhdm xa hdi Theo dd, day la chuan muc cd nhilu y kiln trai chiiu gifla cac vifin d mpi Ifla tudi, gidi tinh, trinh dp hpc vdn, nghi nghiep nai cu tru va cac dac dilm gia dinh khac Mdt diem rdt thu vj chi lfl sd lieu phan tich la chuan muc cd ty lfi ddng linh kha cao quan diem cua mdt sd nhdm xa hfli Chang han lrong nhdm hpc van ngudi tra Idi cd 40.2% ngudi cd hpc van tfl Irung cap trd lln cho rdng vific quan he linh due Irudc hdn nhan la binh thudng Tuang tu, cung cd tdi 43,8% ngudi dudi 35 tudi va 35.2% ngudi tra ldi sd hihi tfl thiet bj hifin dai Irong gia dinh trd len iing hp dilu Ldn lupt, 44,3% va 41,2% ngudi lam kinh doanh djch vu va ngudi la can bd edng chflc vifin chflc khang djnh trinh tilt khflng cdn la diiu qua quan trpng Cac ddu hilu Ihl hiln su chuyen ddi dang difin gifla cdc nhdm xa hfli, irong ye'u id hien dai hda cd su tac ddng manh me di tao nfin thay ddi vl thai dfl Tran Thi Van NUdng 83 ddi ven cac chudn muc truyln thd'ng Mflt phdn xa hdi vdn bao luu y nghia ciia nhung chudn muc truyln thdng nhung phan khac ma da sd la nhflng ngudi tre hon cd dilu kiln hpc vdn cao hon, cd ca hpi tilp can thdng tin da dang hon cd xu hudng ddn thay ddi va ung hp nhflng chuan muc mdi VI sd'ng thfl, ty lfi danh gia cac hien tupng la "binh thudng" d phudng D l Thdm la cao hem so vdi d xa An Cdu Tuong tu, cac nhdm cd thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi cao vd sd hiiu nhilu thiet bj hien dai lrong gia dinh cung ed xu hudng eoi viec sfl'ng lhu la hien tupng binh Ihudng cao hon cac nhdm cdn lai Mac du ty 11 ung hd hifin tupng khdng cao, nhung thay ddi thi hifin d chd nhdm sd'ng d dfl Ihj, cd thu nhap binh quan cao va sd huu nhieu thil't bj hien dai cd ty Ie ung hd viec sfl'ng thfl cao hon so vdi cac nhdm doi chtfng, dd budc ddu cd Ihl khdng djnh hien dai hda la mdt nhung yfi'u td tac dflng dfi'n viec tiep nhan cdc gia trj chudn muc mdi cua ngudi dan d Thai Binh Dflc than cung Id hiln tupng xa hfli nhan dupc nhflng quan dilm trdi chilu tfl phia cdc nhdm xa hfli Mflt phdn ba sd ngudi tra Idi nhan dinh dflc than la mpt dilu binh ihudng sd cdn lai chua the chdp nhan Cd su khac bifit vl khu vuc cu trii va nhdm tudi ciia ngudi tra Idi irong quan diim vl sd thich sfl'ng ddc than Nhdm ngudi dan dd thi va ngudi dudi 35 tudi cd xu hudng tfln trpng sd thich sfl'ng dflc than hon cdc nhdm cdn lai Cd the tha'y suda dang Irong quan niem vi cac chudn muc hfln nhan gifla cac nhdm xa hfli Ly thuyll hiln dai hda khang djnh rdng, lrong xa hfli nflng nghiip ndng thdn ngudi hudng tdi dam bao an loan ve cp the va an ninh luong thuc hfln nhan vi the cung tuan lhu nhtfng ddi hdi (Ronald Inglehart 2008) Mat khac nhu cdu sau sdc nhat ciia ngudi ddi vdi hdn nhan Irong xa hfli hifin dai la dam bao xiic cam ddi vdi su sd'ng cdn ciia gia trj ca nhan la llnh ylu vd suthda man (Mace 1998) Xa hdi Viet Nam dan xen gifla su tri nen ndng nghiep ciang vdi su phat triln cua nin cdng nghifip hien dai vdi td'c dp dd thj hda chdng mat Do dd su dan xen cdc gid trj xa hfli gifla truyln ihd'ng va hien dai la dilu cd thi ly giai Ket luan Cac kit qua phan lich trfin cho thdy cd su khac dang kl vdi quan nifim vl cac chudn muc hdn nhan mdi nhu kfi't hdn cung gidi quan hfi linh due trudc hdn nhan sdng thu va chung sdng khdng kit hdn Trong dd, cac chudn muc ve su chung ihiiy hdn nhan, cha/me don than va kl't hdn mudn nhan dupc su ddng thuan cao gifla cac nhdm xa hpi Tuy vay, su ddng nhdt d hai chiiu hudng khac so vdi chudn muc truyln Ihfl'ng mflt ben id xem xet cac gia tri mdi - vile nudi mdt minh vd kl't hdn mudn; bin cdn Iai nhdn manh gid tri iruyen ihd'ng Id su chung 84 Nghien cflu Gia dinh va Gidi Quyen 24, so 4, tr.76-84 thuy hfln nhan thdng qua vific khdng djnh tinh due ngoai hdn nhan la khdng binh thudng Cac quan niem cd su thay ddi dang kl so vdi truyln ihfl'ng la cd ngoai hdn nhan, ke't hdn mufln, sd'ng dflc than Quan niem vl tinh due trudc hfln nhan cung cdi md hon trudc Nhung thay ddi lrong quan niem phan anh nhflng anh hudng cua Ifl'i sdng hifin dai, d dd su lira chpn cua mdi cd nhan dupe tdn trpng Mace phan lieh mflt y rat hay ve md'i quan h i gifla quan niem iing hd tinh due trudc hdn nhan va tinh due ngoai hdn nhan Ong cho rdng mdt nguyen tdc dupc thiet lap rdng mflt ngfldi nam va mflt ngudi nfl chua kit hdn cd the cd quan he Iinh cam (va tinh due) vdi va thifc hien dilu dd nhu mpt su Iua chpn cd nhan, nguyfin tdc dd ddng nghTa vdi vific khdng Ihl Ioai trfl nliung ngudi da kit hdn khoi nhflng dac quyin tuang tu (David Mace, 1998) Krauss (1995) thdy rdng cdc thai dd da bao trude mdt each chdc ehdn va cd f nghTa hanh vi tuang lai Dd Id vdn dl chung ta cdn quan tam nhimg quan nifim vl chudn muc hdn nhan dang ddn thay ddi lrong cudc sd'ng Ronal Inglehart (2008) binh luan rdng thdi dd khdng quylt djnh hanh vi ttmg chi tifit, hanh vi ddi hdi phai cd ca hai, dpng CP va cp hdi Trong bd'i canh chu dl can nghifin cun tifi'p theo se la vl each hanh xu cua eac ca nhan mdt mdi irudng ma cac ihifi't che truyln ihd'ng dang dan bj pha vd, nhudng chd cho nhung chudn muc mdi, nhflng chuan muc cd tinh linh hoat va kha nang thi'ch nghi cao dd'i vdi sir phat triln ciia xa hdi.* Tai lieu trich ddn Nguyin Quy Thanh 2006 "Intemet va djnh hudng gia tri cua sinh vien vl tlnh due trudc hon nhan" Tgp chi Xs hgi so David Mace 1998 "Van dl duang dai ciia hon nhan" Tgp chi Xa hgi sd Nguyin Thanh Binh 2012 "Mot sd yeu to anh hudng din tudi kit hon lan dau a Viet Nam hien nay" Tgp chi Ddn sd vd Phdt trien so Le Ngoc Van 2012 Gia dinh vd bie'n ddi gia dinh dViet Nam Nxb Khoa hpc xa h6i Ha Noi Nguyin Dflc Chien 2008 "Chuyin ddi mdu hinh ket hon ciia ngUdi Viet d dong bang song Hong qua mpt sd nghien cifu xa hoi hpc gdn day" Tgp chi Nghien cifu Gia dinh vd Gidi sd Ronald Inglehart 2008 Hicn dgi hda vd Hdu hien dgi hoa Nxb Chinh tri Quic gia Ha Noi Stephen Krauss 1995 Altitudes and the Prediction of Behavior: A Mela- Analysis oft Emfnncal Literanire Peisonality and Social Psychology Bulletin Tmy cap ng 4/8/2014 http:/,^p.sagepub.com/conten^l/l/58.abstract Vien Xa hoi hoc Vien Chien lupc va Chinh sach Y tl Vien Nghien cflu Xa hoi Kinh te va Moi trudng 2014 Ke'l qud irtfng cdu y kie'n ngudi ddn ve hdn nhdn cimg gidi Bao cao nghien cflu Nxb Thi gidi Ha Npi ... till la quan trpng va 19,2% cho rdng quan he tinh due irudc hdn nhan la chuyen binh thucftig va cd thi ehdp nhan dupc Tac gia cho rang vific cd gdn mdt phdn nam sd sinh vifin dupc hdi coi quan hfi... hiln dai Phan tich lupng quan cung cho tha''y dfl cd kit nfli tai kha cao (v^ r=0.32; 0,44 va 0.48; p=0,000) gifla eac quan nifim vl sdng thu, chung sdng khdng kfi''t hdn, quan hi linh due trudc... Cdu) Trong quan nifim vl tinh due trudc va lrong hfln nhan, cd 28.2% ngudi tra Idi cho rang quan he tinh due trudc hdn nhan la binh thudng, cao han so vdi ty lfi ddng tinh vdi vific cd quan hfi