Lý thuyết hành động xã hội và phân biệt các khái niệm hành vi, hành động, hành vi xã hội, hành động xã hội, hoạt động, tương tác xã hội và quan hệ xã hội

Xa hoi hQC the gioi Xdhgihgc,sd4(136).2016 LY THUYET HANH DONG XA H O I V A PHAN BIET CAC KHAI NigM HANH VI, HANH D6NG, HANH YI XA HOI, HANH DONG XA HOI, HOAT D O N G , TLTONG TAC XA H Q I V A QUAN H j XA H O I vC HAO QUANG' Tdm tdt: Bdi viit md td sa luge ngudn gdc (j5 thi^it xd hdi hgc ve hdnh d^ng xd hgi vd cdc tdc gid tiiu biiu cua nd qua cdc thdi ky nhu M, Weber, J Dewey, G Mead, E Gqffman, T Parsons, N Luhmann, H Garfinkel, J Harbermas, A Giddens Cdc nhd l thuyit hdnh dgng xd hdi vd mdt nhdnh ciia nd Id thuyit tuang tdc biiu tnmg, thiQfit trao ddi vd lua chgn hgp If diu phdn tich xd hdi tic cdp vi md den vf md Hg deu coi xa hdi Id kit qud ciia cdc tuang tdc xd hdi Cdc dgng tuang tdc xd hgi thi hi^n d cdc cdp khac tif hai ngudi din rdt nhiiu ngudi Trin ca sd diem ludn nhimg ly thuyit hdnh ddng ixa hgi, bdi viit way trinh bay va phdn tich cdc khdi ni$m ca bdn thuyet hdnh dgng xd hgi di hinh dung cdc nhd ly thuyit hdnh ddng xd hgi ly gidi mdi quan h$ giiia cd nhdn - xa hdi Td: khda: hdnh vi xd hpi, hdnh dpng xd hpi, tuang tac xd hpi va quan hf xd hpi Bat van de Trong lich sd xdfapihpc cd hai dong ly thuylt chii dao Id ly thuylt xd hfi hpc vi mfi vd vT mfi Tuy nfaien vao nhiing ndm 1950, Merton dd dua Iy thuyfit cip trung mfi cfi vaitiotrung gian gifla ly tfauylt vi mfi va vi mo ^erton, 1949: 39-53) Ly tiiuylt xd fafii fapc vi mfi tiep cdn ngfaien euu xd hpi dya vdo don vi phdn tich ca bdn Id hanh vi xd hfi faayfadnhdfing xa fafi ed nhdn ciing nhu tuang tdc xa hpi Trfin tfayc te gidng dgy vd ngfaien cdu khoafapc,cdc kfadi nifm hanh vi vd hdnh dpng ciing nhu hdnfa vi xd hfi va hdnfa dfing xdfafiicfaira dupe phdn bift rach rdi vd rit dl hi nfadm lan Cac hdnh dpng xa hfi la dan vi ca sd dfi hinfa thanfa cac quanfafxd hfi, td dd cde t l chde xafapi,cac tfaiet cfae xd hpi dupe thiet Igp Vi tiie vifc nghien euu, pfadnticfaldm ro cac khdi nifmfadnhvi, hdnh dpng, hanh vi xa hfi, hdnfa dfing xa hfi, tuong tac xdfafivd quanfafxafafiId rit cdn tiult Theo cdch tifip can vi mfi, nfad xdfafiifapced tfal phan tich xd hfi tii cip nhfi nfadt dfin Idn nfait, td cd nfadn din xd hpi Trong dfi, thuylt vT mfi coi xd hfi Id cdi quyit dinh dfii vdi cd nhan, xd hfi sinh cd nfaan, cau tnic xa hpi quyet dinh vd coti'nhcuong che doi voi hanfa dpng xa hfi cua cd nfaan Bdi vilt ndy cfai dfi cgp din cacfa tiip cgn tfad nfadt, tdc Id hdnfa dpng xafafiila don vi CO bdn tgo xd hfi Nfii each khde, xafafiibao gim cdc logifainfat l chiic ciing nhu ede Hgc vi?n Bdo chi vd Truyen truyin va Hdo Quang 109 tiiiit efal ciia nd dm^c hinh td cac quanfafxd hpi Cdc quan hf xa hfi Id kit qua ciia cdc tucmg tac xa hfii Tuong tae xa hfi Id qua trinh xd hpi cdc hdnfa dfng xd hpi gjua cac cd nhdn diln Ly thuylt hanh dpng xafapivd cac dgng ly thitylt khac ciing ddng vdi nd (thuyfit tucmg tac bifiu trung, trao doi va lya chpn hpp li, tiiuylt tiiuc hdnh xd hfi) dlu dfi cao tinh chd dfng, li, sdng tsu), cd f nghia, cd myc dich cda cfau tfal fadnh ^ E ^ la, ca sd i ^ tdng dl tao xa hfii Nhirng quan dilra chu dao thuyet hanh dfng xd hfi Tho^fit hdnh dpng xd fafi coi doi tupng eda xd fafii hpc la faanh dfng x3 hfi (Marshall, 1994: 4-5) NhOng ngudi cd ciing quan diem Id nhflng nguoi theo trudng phdi Weber, xd hpifapchifn tupng, phuong phdp luan thye hanh, tuong tdc biiu trung Theo John Scott,tiiuyltfaanfadpng xdfaficd ngufin glc tu thuylt kinh tl eua Adam Smitii, Jeremy Bentham va James Mill Tfaeo cdc nhd kinh tl hpc ndi trfin,faanfadfng cda ngudi la iKmh dpng dya vao Ipi Ich cd nhdn (self-interested »^ons) Hp cho r ^ g , cau trdc xd hpi cd till xem xet qua hf thing thi trudng vd thuong mgi, dd eon ngudi theo dudi mye dich ca nhdn ly cua minfa Culi tfal I^ 19, uu thi ciia vife phan ticfa quan hf kinh tfi dd thiic diy sy ddi cda cdc quan difim vfi hdnh dfing ly vd phi ly Cdcfainfatfadc ton tgi eua hdnh dfing nhu Id phuang tifn thfing qua cau true xd fafi dum: xdy dyng nfin Nhiing nghien cuu ciia Karl Marx dd vugt xa han nhflng quan diem han hq> ban ddu vfi hdnh dpng ngudi ciia cac nha kinh tk Ong cho rdng hanh dfng cua ngudi cd f thdc nfin nd mang nhan t l sang tgo Con nguoi hanh dpng de tao cdu true xd hpi, nhifin cdu trdc xd hfi lai cd y nghia quyit C^llh doi voi hdnh dpng ngudi Cau trdc xafafiphdn dnfa quanfafxafafieo ban la quanfafsdfaiiutu Ufu sdn xuat tu nfadn xafafiied giai cdp Trong quanfafsdn xuat dd tat yiu din dfin tfaafaoalao dfng qud trinfa chiim doat gia tri thang du Vi tiie y ehi ty cua ngucd thue diy nd tfaoat khdi quan he tha hod lao dpng hay tfaa hod gjai d p Cufic diu tranh giai cdp vi tiie md khfing thfi trdnh khdi Quan £ l m ciia Marx vl hdnh ( ^ g xd hfii dd dupe Antiiony Giddens su dyng trift de thuyfit cdu trdc hda xd hfi (structuration theory) Mft nhiing khai niem ca bdn ciiatiuQ^fittdi cdu trdc xd hfii eua Giddens la khai nifm hogt dfng va cdu true xa fafii Nfau vgy, chung ta dd thiy, tu thdi ky ddu, ly thuylt cd chung mft ngufin glc, nhung haitifipcan cua Max Weber va Karl Marx dd chia lamfaaingd Weber coifaanhdfng xd hfii la nfin tang tao xa hpi Marx khfing hg t h ^ vai trd ciia boat dfing thuc tien nhung nfain mgnfa vai trd cua ciu tnie xafafii;cdu truefaating quyfit dinh cau tnictiiupngtang Trong xa hfi cfi cdu true giai c ^ dfii khdng, hanh dfng lao dfng ciia ngudi lao dfing hi thn hda vi nd nfaan thuc dupe ring, nfi bi Iao dfng cuong bdc, lao dpng kfafing vi nd, kfafing tu do, kfafing sdng tgo Tinh mdu thuan giiia y chi ty (faanh dfng sang tgo) cua ngudi vd cau true xa hfi ludn la ehu dl i^;hifin cdu ly thi^lt hip dan, nhieu tranh cdi cho din tgn ngdy Weber dinfa nghia hdnh dpng xd hfii nhu sau: Hdnfa dpng x3 hfi Id hdnh dfng cua chd tfal tuong quan vfiifaanfadfng cua ngudi kfade vd dinfafaudngvdo hdnfa dpng eua ngudi tiieo y nghia chu quan cua minh vl mye dicfa da dupe dy tuih td trudc Ndi each khde, hdnfa dpng xd hpi Idfadnhdfng ed myc dicfa ciia cfau till da dupe cdt nghia rfi rdng vl dfng ca, muc dicfa, phuang tien tren ea sd dinfa huomg vdo hdnfa dfing eua ngudi khde vd cfad dpi 110 £)! thuyet hdnh dgngxd hgi vdphdn biet cdc khdi nijm hdnh vi phto ling dap Ip tit phia ngucri Htah dOng x5 hpi 14 lo^ hanh d$ng dinh hudng vao hanh vi qua khur, hi$n t?i, va hanh vi mong diji (tuong lai gSn) tit phia ngudi khic (Weber, 1990: 625) H4nh dOng xa h$i lufin dupe thiic day bdi mpt dOng co nao do, nen chu th^, dl hieu hanh dong, phai hiSu dpng co, dinh hudng, myc dich, phuong tien v4 kha nang dif bao vi su ph&i ling tit phia nguoi khfc Hanh dfing xll hfii la loai hanh vi c4 nhan dugc cat nghia mpt each chu quan tren ca sd tri thiic, trai nghiem, d ^ dure va tinfa cam ciia ca nhan Do dd hanh dpng xS hfii b5t bufic phai cd djnh hudng chu quan cia chii thi hanh dfing hudng vao dfii tac dk can nhac, tinh toan mfit each hpp 11 vfi myc dich va phuong tipn de dat myc dich tuong quan vdi vi^c 11 giai myc dich, dfing co hanh dfing cua dfii tae Khong cd d6i tac (true tifip hay gian tifip) thi hanh dfing xa hpi cua ca nMn khfing thfi dien Bo la dieu nhllu nguoi nhsim lln glaa hanh dfing xS hfii va htah dfing thfing thudng ma ngudi ta thudng gpi la htah dfing ttai U, thufic d& tuong nghien cim cua tam 11 hpc Dfii vdi Ttai 11 hpc, hanh dfing cd cau tnic bdi cic cau phta ciia chd thi hanh dfing nhu: nhu c^u, dfing eo, phuong tifin vk myc dicfa hanh dfing; nhfing yfiu t6 bfin ngoai nhu hota canhfaaydifiu kifinfaanhdfing; d6i tupng eiia hanh dpng la nfaiing gl lam tfada mta nfau ciu ea nhta Trong do, cau true hanfa dfing xa hfii bao gim cdc c ^ phin cda chd thi lianh dpng nhu: dpng co, phuong tifin,, mue dleh, dinh hudng hanh dpng (cdt nghia mfit each chu quan ve myc dlcli, phuong tifin vh dy dota kha ntag plita iing dap lai td phia dii tac va kfit qua cua htah dfing); dfii tupng cua hanfa dfing la ngudi khic Nhta to thuc day htah dfing xafafiila dfing co, tire la myc dich cuafaanfadfing da dupe nfaSn tfadc Weber dua bfin loai fatah dpng xafafii,dd la:faanfadfing truyin thong, htah dfing tmh cam, xdc ctai, hanfa dfing ly cfing cy, htah dfing 1;^ myc dich Hanh dfing truyen thing la loai htah dfing diln theo thdi quen, phong tue, tap quta xa hfii, nd nhu la mfit sta pham cua nfin vta hoa Hanh dfing flnh etai vta hanfa dya trfin sic thaitinfacam, xiic cam gin vdi nhihig ctai xuc cy thi cua ehd tfal hanh dpng Hanfa dfing kfadng phaifatafadfing If nhu mfit so ngudi nhim tufimg Hai lo?ifaanhdfing truyin thigg va tuih cam la dfii tupng nim taing gian gitta khoa hpc Ttai 1^ va XS hpi hpc Chi cd hanh dfing 1^ mye dleh va ly gia trj la thuin thufic dll tupng nghien ciiu cia xafapihpc, va ong cho ring nd quan trpng hon phta tieh xa hfii hpc Hanh dfing ly mye dleh 14 loai htah dfing ma ehu thi quan ttai tdi tuong quan "phuong tifin - kit qua hanh dfing" Hanh dfing 1^ gia tr; edn gpi la hanh dfing dupe djnh hudng gii ttj Chd tfal htah dpng dupe trang bi mfit hfi thong gia tn, nd hanh dfing, cac gia trj dd dilu chinh hanh vi ciia ehd thfi eho phd hpp vdi hfi thfing gia hi eua mkih Vi dy: giup ngudi ngfafio; giup dd ngudi gap hoan njn, khd khta Thuyet hanfa dfing eua Max Weber dupe eac ddng ly thuylt phucmg phip luta thyc hanh, thuyet tuong tac biiu trung, hifin tupng hpc tifip thu va phat triin (Karpersen, 2000: 27) Trong do, T Parsons phta tich hanh dfing xS hfii tiiuylt eiu tnic ehire ntag cda minh voi tu each la hfi thing hanh dfing mil quan hfi cfadc ntag voi hfi thing vta hoa va hfi thing xa hfii Theo Parsons, hanh dfing co sd (unit act) lifin quan tdi chu thefaanhdfing (actor) vd phan dinh hudng hanh dpng lan tinh huong hanh dfing Vific phta tichfaanhdpng co sd cd va Hdo Quang 111 f nghia ly thuylt dii vfii viec gidi tiiieh hanfa dfng cua ngudi mfit kfaung cdnh xa hpi cy till Parsons coi he thing xdfafibao gim ba thdnh t l ca bdn Id hf thong hdnh dpng, ca nhdn vd van hda Trong dd hf thing hdnh dpng Id ca sd n ^ tang dfi xay dmig Ifin hf thing cd nhdn vd vdn hda Trong kfaung phdn tich hdnh dfng co sd cua Parsons, chung ta tfady rfi vai trd ciia cac ciu phan cda hdnh ^ n g Ciu phin thu nhit la cfaii thfi hdnh dfng; ciu phin tfad }m la dinfafauomgtfaeo quy chudn; ciu phin thir la tinh hulng hdnh dfng Trong phdn tinh hufing hdnh dfing can phdn bift hai bd phdn cua tinh huli^ Ndi cdch khde tinh hulng hdnh dfng dupe ciu true bfii haitiidnfapfain cd cfauc nang rifing vd ddc tfau ciu phin thd nhdt cda tinfa huong bao gfim nhung nhdn t l cd tinh chit £fiu kifin, tiiilu nd hdnh dfng khfing thi dien Mdt khac, chd thi hdnh dfng khfing thi ibay doi dagc £fiu kifin Nhting nhan tfi dilu kim cd till bao gfim yiu t^ di tmyln sinh hpc, dieu k i ^ vat chit bdt bupc, khfii^ gian thdi gian, hay eae dilu lugt cho phep tfayc hifin hanh dfng Cau phin thu hai la cdc nhdn tfi ma chu thk hanh dpng ed tfal thay dii dupe Vific lya chpn nhting nMn to phufapptfaeo si^ nghi, danfa g^d cua cfaii tfal dlfadnhdfng dien phu hpp vdi muc dich, kit qua hanh dfng hay phuong tifn hanh dfi^ da dupe chii thfi lua chpn ciu phin dinh hudng cd tinh chat quy chuin Hf thing gia trj va chuin myc x3fapicd chdc ndng dieu ehinb hdnh vi cda chu till hdnh dfng eho phd hpp vdi cai ehung tgo trgt ty, sy dong thudn xd hfi Cdc hf thing hdnh dfng, xd hfi hay vdn hod lufin ndm tron^ mdi quan hf chdc ndng Trong xd hfii ting the cd bintifiuhf thfing quan trpi^ nhdt Id kinh tl, chinfa tri, xafapi(eac cfng dfing xa hfi) va van hpa Cde tieu hf tiifing dfiu phdi thye faifn nhung chuc ndng tucn^ dng: thich ung (A); dgt dich (G); hpp nhit (I), tri khuon mau (L) dfi ddm bdo sy ton tgi cdn bdng cdatoanhf thfing Hf thing hdnh dfing xd hfi chung dupe T Parsons mifiu td sdu cdp df: (1) Mfii trudng hanh dpi^ (mfii trudng vdt ly hiiu ca); (2) Tfi cfadc (faf tfafing) hdnh vi; (3) Hf thing ed nhan; (4) Hf tiling xa hfi; (5) He thing vdn hod; (6) Mfii truomg hdnfa dfng (Hifn tiiye xd hfi) Cac cdp dpfaanfa^ n g bdc tliip ldm ngufin ndng lupng nufii dudng c ^ dp caofaon;cdc cip df cao kiem tra, difiu chinh hogt dpng cua cap df thip bdng thur bgc eiia hf thdi^ tfafing tin d cip dfi ca nhdn, qua trinh hanh dfng, nd lya chpn cdc dinfa hudng da cd sdn tiong ciu true xd hfii T Parsons dua cdp dinh hufing gid tij md cd nhdn vdi tu cdch Id chd tfal hanh dfing cd quyin lya chpn cfao phii hop vdi myc dicfafadnhdfng cua minfa a Cdi pfal biin- cdi ddc thu b Cdi tgp trung, cu thfi - cdi phdn tdn, truu tupng c Cdi ed sdn, cai chfi udc - cdi dat tdi, muc tieu d Tmfa cdm trung tinh, thd a - tinh cdmtichcue, chu dfing e Cai t|^ tfal - cdi cd nhdn, bdn than Trfin ^ y , chdng tfii truifa bdy quan diim ca ban cua Weber vd Parsons vl thi^lt hdnh dpng xd hfii Cdc ddng ly thuyet hdnh dfng khac nhu thuylt hifn tupng hpc, phuong p h ^ l u ^ tfaycfaanfa,thuyet tdi cau tnic xd hpi v.v, kfadng pfadi dfii tupng nghien cuu cua bdi vilt Dudi ddy, tdi tdm tdt vai nfit chinh vl thuyfit mye dich Thuyfit myc dich cho rdng hdnh dfng ciia ngudi dupe chi dgo bdi nhdn tl y chi hudng tdi vifc su dyng cac phuong tifn dl dgt dupe myc dich ed tinh toan trude mft tinh huong cy tfal, Tdc la, cfau tfal ytiidcdupe ciu ti^ ciiatinfahulng hay hodn cdnh 112 Ly thuyit hdnh dgngxd hgi vdphdn bift cdc khdi nifm hdnh vi noi hanfa dfing difin Tuy nhifin, Weber ehi ehd -j tdi thai dp eda ngudi khae va nhOng toan tinh eua cac chd tfal qui trinhfaanhdpng, hiu nhu kfafing dl y den facta cdnh hay tmh hulng Cae nhd ly thuylt hifin dji cho ring, nhttng thufic tinfa cua tinfa hulng cd nhttng nhta tfi cu thi vdi tu each la dilu kien dfi hanh dfing diln mfit each nglu nhifin Chd thfi hdnh dfing vdi nhsin thdc cda minh vl bta thta ciing nhu tinh hulng eua hanh dpng ed tfal dy dota trude dupe kit qud cda hdnh dpng Trong trudng hpp chd the khfing dat dupe myc dich, ngudi ta ndi tdi sy khfing tuong thich gitta cdc yiu t l ehd quan cda ehu the hdnh dfing nhu ntag lye va yiu to khach quan cda tinhfaufinghanfa dpng; Nildas Luhmann phe phta thuylt hdnh dfing vfi so dl "pfauong tifin - mye dleh" cda Weber Theo Niklas Lufamann (1968), mfit tfafi gioi tinh fauing pfadc tap kfafing tfal xdc dinfa chinh xac kit qua cda hanh dpng tuong dng vdi nhta to ey thfi ndo cua tinh hulng Ndi cdch khde, ed the ed nhieu nhta to eda tinh huong hdnh dpng ciing tham gia (vdi tu each id dilu kifin) vta qud trinh tao kit qud cda hdnh dfing Vi tfal, cfad thi hanh dfing kfafing thfi phta ti'ch mfit edch rd rtag vd clilnh xde ede quan hfi eda chd tfal vdi ciu tnic pfadc tap cuatinfahuong (Turner, 2001: 272) CQng tuong tu nhu Luhmann, Dewey dua trfin quan diem hifin tupng luta de phe phta thuyet mye dich vl so dl "Phuong tifin/cfing cu- ket qua/ myc dich" Thuyfit stag tao hdnh dfing cda Dewey (1958) cho ring, kfit qua cuafaanhdpng thupe thdi hifin tai, nd thufic vl eiu tnie cua tinh hulng ehd khfing thufic thdi qud khd nhu cdc nhd mye dleh luan quan nifim Trong qud trinh thuc hifin hanh dfing ehu till hdnh dfing cd ttnh stag tao ehd kfafing phdi Id r|p khufin mdy mde theo mfi hinfa ly Dewey dua mfi hmh "kl hoach hudng dinfadnhdfing dat kit qud" (end- in- view) Muc dich (duoc xem nhu Id kfit qua) khfing phdi la mfit tap hpp bfin ngodi hdnh dfing thufic vfi tmh hufing Myc tieu thye tl Id kit qua cua qua trinh tuong tdc giOa phuong tifin vd myc dichtixmgtu cda chu till hdnh dfing Tuy nhifin lue khdi dau eua hanh dpng thi mye dich chi ton tai nhta thdc cda chd tfal mfit cdcfa mo fal, chua ro rtag Myc dleh trd nen ro rang kfai ehd tfal hdnh dpng thfing hiiu chinh xac vl cfing cu ed thi thue hifin vific ehilm lihh mue tieu VI du: xa tfau va tim bia Tdm bia Id muc tifiu md ngudi xa thd hudng tdi Khifadnhdpng bin kit thuc ta cd duoc kit qud la bin tning bia hay khfing, ta ndi tdi muc dleh Mye dich cd tfal thay dfii hodc xuit hifin muc tifiu mdi qud trinh hdnh dpng neu cd phuong tifin thuc tl mdi Nhu vay, vific ddt mye tifiu tiiide hdnh dfing se khfing dy bta dupe efainh xdc kit qud cda hdnh dfing Cdc fliao tdc nhta thdc khfing difin trudc hdnh dfing md nd chi la khat vpng tiin phta xa cd tdc dfing kichfaoattiongtuih hufing hdnh dfing Cdc khdt vpng cda moi ed nhta Id kfaac va ntag luc, tap tinh, edch tilde quan hfi xa hfii eung khde nfaau, dilu dd din tdi kit qud hanh dfing eua moi ed nhta cung khde Thi gidi quanh ta kfafing phdi id bta cdafliegidi npi tdm eda ngudi md nd Id cdi dupe ciu tnic bdi ntag lue eda eon ngudi va kinh nghifimfadnhdfing cda nd Tfal gidi ton tai dudi dangfadnhdfing, ehi ttong hdnh dfing cua eon nguoi flil gidi mdi ton tai nguyen bta cda nd Nfaan thdcfaudngtdi bii cdnh tinh hufing cua cdi md nguoi nhta ttidc Trong nhta tilde eua chung ta, till gidi dupe chia thdnh cdc pham trd tifip can dupe - khfing tifip can dupe; quen thufic - kfafing; kiim sodt dupe - khfing Ndi each khae, thi gidi dupe hinh dung boi nhihig ky vpng vl hdnh dfing ed lifin quan Chi md nhttng kj^ vpng vl hdnh dpng ed lifin quan khfing dien tten thye tfi, dd till gioi mdi ttd thdnh doi tiipng bfin ngodi Tde Id nhan thuc cda ta va Hdo Quang 113 khfing kiim sodt dupe no nOa Trudng hap Id ngoai If vi thfing thudng thi nfadn thdc ciia cfaiing ta vl tfal gidi Id quen tfaufc vd phii fapp NIU nhu mye dich ludn nfadn manh vao thih ngdu nhifin cda hdnh dfng mfit tinh hulng xac dinfa dl dy bdo kit qud hdnfa dfng, tfai tiiuylt pfai myc dich lai nfain mgnfa f n^na hay vai trfi ciia tinh hulng hdnfa dfing Hdnfa dfing la cdi nglu nhien tiong ciu trdc tinfafauing;tinfa fauing Id cai cdu tfaanfa cda fadnh dpng Dietrich Bohler (1985) vd Jonathan Turner (2001: 274), kfai phan tich mii quan he giiia chd tfal hdnh dfng vd tinh hulng, cho rdng, chd till danfa gid tinh hulng tuong quan vdi phucmgtifinvd hiu nhu dy bao dupe kit qua hdnfa dpng Klfaogcfafaaychuang trinh hdnfa dfing cd thi bi tfaay diifaoaccdu tnic Igi niu co sy mdu thuan vdi tinfa hulng hdnfa dfng Mgt khae, cdn luu f rdng, niu nhu thuylt muc dich tgp trung vao pfaanticfavai tid cua dfing ca vdi tu each Id nguyen nfadn cdafadnhdpng vd kl hogch hdnh dfing nhu la ket qud du tinh trudc cuatifintrinh hdnfa dfing, thi thuylt phi myc dicfa nfain manh vdo dieu kifn hanh dfng tuc Id nhdn tfi bfin ngoai ehd till hanh dpng Hdnh dfng ed myc dicfa vd cd y nghia ciing vfii chuangtiinfahanh dfng co tinh dfic I^p cda thuylt muc dich da bi phe phdn bdi thuyet phi myc dicfa, ket qua cdafaanhdfng ciing nhu dfng ca vdi tu each Id nguyfin nfadn se kfafing dgt dupe dp chdn thuc khitinfafaufingbiin dfii vd gid trj, cfauan mue kfafing cdn ddng vai tio kifim sodt, difiu cfainfa hdnh dfng Thuyfit hdnh dfng kinh tfien ddn dupe tdch tfadnh cdc nfaanfa Iy thuyfit ly vl myc dicfa vd pfauong tifn, dd thuyfit hanh dfng phi mye dich nfain mgnh yfiu tl hodn canh Tuy nhien, mpt d^ difin thuyet phfi pfadn thdi Hdu hifn dm la J Harbermas vda de cao tinh li, y nghia ciia hdnfa dfng vda coi boi canfa xafafii,ddc biet la truyen thong hau tu bdn, nhu mpt phan quan trpng tiong edu true ciia hanh dpng xafafi.Khae vdi M Weber, J Harbermas pfadn bfin loaifadnfadfing thyc tfi nhu sau: (I) Hdnh dfing myc dich chifin tfauat; (2) Hdnfa dfng difiu tifit quy cfaudn; (3) Hdnfa dpng dong kich; (4) Hanh dpngtioiyentfafing Dii vdi loai hanfa dfng truyfin tfafing J Harbermas Igi chia nho thdnh hdnh dfng U myc dicfa va hanh dpng li chien lupc Mft quan diim khde bdn vl hdnh dfng xa hfi tucmg quan vdi cau true xa hfi dupe thfi hifn rfi tiong thuylt eiu truefafiacda A Giddens, ttong dng dd eoi hanh dpng cua chu tfal vira bj cfai pfali boi nhdn to chii quan vira bi chi phoi boi nfadn to cau tnie (khdch quan) vafinggpi nd la "hogt dfng" Cac khai nifm cor ban Thuylt hdnh dfng xd hfi phdntichxafafitircip df nfad nhit lafaaingudi din todn bf xd hfi tfing tfal Cdcfaanfavi vd hdnh dfng cd nhdn Id nfadn tfi don gidn nfaat tiiufc cdp dfi phantichtdm 1^fapc,khfing pfaai nhiem vy cfainfa cua phdntichxafapifapc,tuy nhifin nd lgi la khdi nifm khdi thuy dfi phanticfaxa hfii v! no cd lien quantiyctieptdi cau tnie cd nhan Hdnfa vi Id mft pfaan dng xdc dinfa ciia ca tfae doi vdi cdc kich tfaicfa tir bfinttongfaay bfin ngodi vd co thfi luong dupe (Gordall Marshall, 1994: 27-28) John B Watson (1913) cfao rdng, ngfaifin edu nfagn thdc cda cd nhan bdng phucmg phdp ty kiim tra, danh gia khong tfal dua nfaOng kit qud kfadefa quan vi nd bj khue xg boi ldng kinfa chu quan Chi cd tfal ngfaifin cdu cfainfa xdc, kfadefa quan bdng pfauong pfadptiiucehung, tiic la dac cac bifin sl tac dfng thfing qua cac pfaan dng cda co tfal trudc nfaiing kinh thlcfa td hay ngodi Co the ehda dyng tfing fapp cdc pfadn ung hay nang luc pfadn ung trude cdc 114 Lf thuyit hdnh dgng xd hgi vdphdn biji cdc khdi nijm hdnh vi klehtiiieh.Noi edch khde, kleh flileh ndo thi phta dng niy tiieo cfing tiidc S->R Trong khoa hpe hanh vi, nguoi ta lufin nhic tdi phdt kifin quan ttpng cda Pavllp, nfad xd hfii hpc ngudi Nga, vl phta xa cd dilu kifin Nhdng ket qua nghifin eihi mfi binh S->R cda B.F Skmer ttfin chim bfi cdu khing djnh cde phta xa cd dilu kifin hay ede kleh thich dupe cdng cl sS biin thdnh tip tinh eda dfing v^t Mii quan hfi eda co thi (dfing v^t) dfii vdi cde loai kleh tiilch qua tuong quan thudng - phat dd dupe Pavllp phdt hifin tren thi nghifim vdi ehd, da dupe van dyng dfi giditiu'chhdnh vi eon ngudi cdc thuyfit hanh vi Difiu eo j nghia vfi eimg quan ttpng ttong nghien cim gita dye eung nhu dilu chinh hdnh vi eiia eon ngudi Tuy nhifin, thuylt hdnh vi ehtu nfailu phfi phta td cdc nhd xd hfii hpc vd tdm 1^ hpc xd hpi, nhttng ngudi cho ring, tfauylt hanh vi ehi mfi td dupe nfaimg eai ma ngudi dang lam chd khfing mo td dupe nhiing cdi md ngudi dang nghi, dang cam giac Mae dd thuylt hdnh vi hi phfi phta, eae nha tam ly hpc xa hfii va xa hfii hpc (G.H Mead; G Homans) vin sd dung trifit de khdi nifim hdnh vi vdi mpt cdi ten mdi Id hdnh vi xd hgi ttong ly thuylt xa hfii eda minh Hdnh vi xafafiidupe trinfa bdy khd rO rtag 1^ thuylt tuong tdc biiu trung cua H Mead vd thuylt trao dfii xd hfii cda G Homans Dii vdi H Mead, hdnh vi xd hfii dupe hiiu la loai hanh dpng ed y nghia vd hudng vta ngudi khde Bifiu ndy bifiu hifin rfi ttong khdi nifim cai toi (self) md ong coi la phdc hpp eda cdi tfii cd tfal (1) vd cdi tfii xa hfii (G Rltzer, 1996:203-208) Hanh dfing (act) cda eon nguditirdiqua bin giai doan Giai doan diu Id kich thich Trong giai doan hdnh dfing nay, hdnh vl cda ngudi giong dfing vdt tde Id bj chi phii boi quan hfi S-^R Tuy nhifin, ngudi khong phta dng nhu dfing vat ma nd luu trtt Iji cdc kich thlcfa dl phta tich VI dy: trfmg thdi ddi kleh thlcfa ngufii muln ta nhung nd chua ta lap flic Giai doan hai la nhdn thicc Trong giai dosui ndy eon ngudi khdm phd nfii dung eda kich thich thong qua cdc gidc quan vd kinh nghifim: nghe, nhin, sd, ngdi v.v Giai doan ba ed tfin thao tdc hod dii tupng Khi da nhta thdc dupe dii tupng btag nhta thdc vd cdc gidc quan, eon ngufii thao tdc hod ede dll tupng dd bing cdch kllm tta lai eac thfing tin ve dll tupng cd phu hpp vdi sy hllu biit eda ehu thi vl dii tupng dfi khong; til hodn viec trd ldi kleh thlcfa dl kiim tta dp efata fliuc cda nhdn thdc VI du:ttfingthdy cdy nim,fadinim, quan sdtfahihtfau vd mdu sic cdy nim, nhd 1^ nhung hiiu biit vl ndm, tim sdeh huoiig din vific ta ndm (G Ritzer, 1996: 194-196) Trong giai doan ba, eon nguoi da sd dung tu trim tupng tten eo sd cua ngfin ngtt vd vta hda Giai doan bfin cd ten hodn thdnh hay thuc hifin hdnh dfing ttong mfit dilu kifin hota eanh cy the T^ giai doan ndy, hdnh dfing fa ein ttd ldi eau hdi ta nhu till nta vd vdi H Mead ehi rfi vifictiiodmta cdi ddi eua eon ngudi vd eon v|t khde Con vdtfliodmta cdi ddi bdi quy tdc thd vd sai, ngufii nhd cd f flidc nfin da kifim tra vd tinh iota ky cac giai doan cua hdnh dfing nen nd chifaanhdfing faiiu r8 vl doi tupng vd gin vdi dilu kien vta hda xa hpi cy thi Theo Mead, hdnh dfing khde vdi hanh dfing xd hfii d eho hdnh dfing chi lifin quan tdi mfit cd nhdn, frong hdnh dfing xa hfii lifin quan it nhdt td hai ed nhta ttd Ifin (G Ritzer, 1996: 197) BChdi nifim hdnh dfing xd hfii dupe coi Id ddn vj nhd nhit ttong quan hfi xa hfii Td khai nifim hdnh dfing xa hpi, cdc nhd xd hfii hpc I t gidi cde quan hfi cd nhta vd lifin cd nhtafrongnhom vd giiia cdc nhdm VS Hdo Quang • fl5 Tuang tdc xd hfi la qud trinh tfayc hifn cdc hdnfa dfng xa hfii giira hai hay nhieu ed nhdiL Thibet tuong tde bifiu trung nhdn manfa vao f n^xia bieu trung tuong tac xd hfi Bk cat nghia khai niem tuong tdc biiu trung Mead dua khdi nifm difiu bf vd cdc bifiu trung y nghia Difiu bf (gesture) Id nfaiing cd chi cda ca thi thu nhit cd tac dfi^ nhu mpt kich tMch dgc tfau gdy phan ui^ cd tmfa pfaiifapp(xafafi)ciia ea tfae tfad hai Difu bf cd d cd C^ng vat lan d ngudi Tuy nhien, vi ngudi cd y tfauc nfin vifc sd dyng difu bp pfadc t?5) hon nhifiu so voi vat Difiu bp la mft dgng biiu trung cda nguoi tiong giao ti^ xa hfi Difiu bp cd cfauc nang dien efainh nfaungfadnfavi trang kfaung canh cy till cd hea quan d ^fadnfavi faay tfadi dp ciia nfaiing ngudi tfaam gia tuong tac (G.H Mead, 1934/1962: 46) Vi dy, i^;udi m? nfaan m|lt diia cua minh ldm cdi ^ dd, difu bfi nMn n^t tiiong bdo cho dda eon bllt Id vific dfi khong noa lam vi m^ nd khdng ding y Logi fadnfadfng =>faanhvi xa hfi => hdnfa dpng xd fafi => tiep xuc x3 fafi => tuong tde xdfapi=> tuang tdc xdfafiI|p Igi => tuong tac xa hpi phfi bien => tuang tdc xd hfi da dupe difiu chinh => Quan he xa hpi => Thiet chfi xa hfi; To chdc xa hpi Chung tfii mfi td vdn tat sa dfi bifin hod cip df hdnfa dfng xafapinhu sau: Hdnh vi (behavior) tudn thu quy tdc S -> R, tuc la cd cd kich thich thi cd phdn umg phiifappvdi tinh chdt cua kich tfaieh (BryaaS Tumer, 2006: 34) Trong qud trinfa tiiyc hifn hanh vi, catiifikfafing can su dyng tdi nfadn tfauc hay f tfauc va ngudi phdntichfadnh vi kfafing can quan ldm den vai ttd cua nfadn tfi y tfauc Cdc nhd hanh vi hpc dinh ngfaiafadnfavi nhu Id dpng tdefaaysu di chuyin ea tfal (ngudi, dfng vat) Hdnfa vi Id pfadn ung cda ea thfi dii voi mfit kich thfch nao dfi Cac nhd Iy tiiuylt hanfa dpng djnfa nghiafadnhdfng nhu sau: hdnh dfng (action) Id 116 Ly thuyit hdnh d^ngxa hgi vdphdn bift cdc khdi nifm hdnh v su vta dfing eda eon nguoi ed kem theo f nghia vd myc dich nhdt djnh Ndi theo ngfin ngtt tiin hod, hdnfa dfing Id lojifadnhvi ed kem tfaeo y ngfaia ehd quan cda cd nhta dl thyc hifin mfit muc dich ndo dd Tuy nhifin cip dfi phta tieh,hanh dfing vd f nghia cung nhu myc dich cda hdnh dfing thupc pham trd nghifin cuu eda Tam If hoc Hdnh vi xa hfii (social behaviors) id hdnh dfing cd muc dleh, ed y nghia vd huofng tdi ngufii khde (Gordall Marshall,1994: 27-28) Nhu vay hanh vi xafafiinim d cip dfi cao va phdc t?p hem hdnfa dfing ea nhta Niu mfit ngudi thyc hifin mfit hanfa dfing cd f nghia, CO myc dich nhung khfing lien quan dfin ngudi khde till hdnh dfing dd khfing phdi Id hdnh vi xd hfii Hdnh dfing xd hfii la hdnfa dfing ed mue dleh; ed y ngfaia tten eo sd djnh hufirng mfit cdch tryc tiip hay gitatifipvdo ngufii khde va ed tinh tota eta nhdc tdi phta ung ddp lai td phia ngudi dd Nhu dd ndi, M Weber dinh nghia hdnfa dfing xdfafiiIdfadnfadfing gin voi f nghia ehd quan eda ehd thi va dinh huong vta tuong quan hdnh dpng ddp lai cua dii tdc (Weber: 602-603) Hdnh dfing xa hfii Id loai hdnh vi xd hfii kfafing nhiing chi cd f nghia chd quan cda ehd thi hdnfa dfing ed lifin quan din ngudi kfade md edn cd thfim mfit thufic tinh niia la cfad dpi sy phta dng td phia ngudi kfade theo edch cit nghTa, suy ngfai cua ehinh ehd thfi Hdnh dpng xdfafiieo thfi Id loaifadnhdfing bfin ttong faay bfin ngodi, nhung nhit thiet nd phai ed lifin quan din hdnhMfing qua khd, hifin tai hay ky vpng vao hdnh dfing ddp lai cda dll tdc hay nhttng ngudi khde (Weber: 625-627) Vi du: Mua hoa ttag b ^ gdi nhta ngdy sinh nhat Ngudi tdng hoa ban gdi chd dpi sy vui ve hay ny cudi cam on td phia ban gdi cda minh Sy khde gitta hdnh dfing xd hfii vdfadnhvi xa hfii efal phta bifit d mfit diim khd tmh te, hdnh vi xa hfii khfing quan tdm tinh tota, chd dpi phta dng ddp lgi td phia ngudi khde, hdnh dfing xd hfii cd sy chd dfing-chd dpi khd ntag phta dng lai td phia ngudi khde Nhu vdy, chi nta nhd phta tich nghifin cdu dfing eo hdnh dfing cda ehd tfal cung voi y nghia chu quan eda cfad tfal dd vfi dfii tdctillmdi cd tfal pfadt hifin dupe dau la hdnh vi xa hpi hay hdnh dfing xd hfii Tiip xuc xa hfii Id mfit cap cia hdnh dfing xa hfii, mfitiJilnh thdc diu tifin eua tuong tac xd hfii Tiip xdc xd hfii Id loai htong tdc xa hpi mfit lin hodc hllm gdp Tiep xdc xd hfii Id loai hdnh dpng xd hfii difin gitta haifaoacnhifiu chu till (cd nhta) mfit lin hodc ngau nhifin Vi dy: Hai ngudi tinh cd g^p tten xe bu^, tta gau vdi chuyfin cho vui, sau khfing gap lai nOa Tuong tdc xa hfii la loai tifip xdc xd hfii mfit cdch thudng xuyen Tuong tdc xd hfii chi cfi All xdy cd It nhit hai chd thi hdnh dfing ttd nfin Tuong tac xa hfii IJp Iji (repeated interaction) Id loai hrong tde khfing cd kl hoach, khfing chu dleh nhung nfi van dupe lap lai Vi du: cdc vifin ttong gia dmh thudng xuyen tuong tde voi nhung khfing dat mfit kl hoach ndo cy till Tucmg tdc thufimg xuyen, phfi biin Id loai tuong tdc l}p lai vd diln tfauomg xuyfin Vi dy: tuong tdc gitta eta bp frong mfit co quan, tuong tdc gitta ede cfing nhta ttong xi nghifip, nhd mdy v.v Tuong tdc xd hfii ed mfit thuficti'nhquanttpngdfi Id vice cdc cfad tfal sd dyng f nghia bifiu trung Biiu timig dinh nghia hay xdc dinh cae quan hfi xa hfii, niu thilu bifiu trung hdnh dpng eua ehdng ta eung ching hon gi hdnh vi cua dfing vat (su dyng cdc difiu bfi) Vu Hdo Quang 117 Tuang tde dupe ffilu cfainfa Id logi tuong tdc thuong xuyfin nhung dupe dilu chmh bdi nhfing 1;^ ndo dd d l binh tfadnfa nfaihig m i i lifin faf xa hoi faay quanfafixd hfi co tinfa cfait rieng, dgc thii tfaeo tdng nhdm xa fafii Cac logi tuong tdc dupe difiu cfainfa boi hf tfaing ludt pfaap, tfadi quen xa fafii, truyin thing Vi du: nhiing can bp trang mfit co quan tuan thu quy c h i ldm vific, phdp luat cda nfaa nude, n i u ngudi ndo vi pfagm sfi b; phgt theo mdc dp vi pfagm Quan fafi xa hfi dupe hinh thdnh tren ea sd tuang tae xa hfi (Tumer, 2001: 88) da dupe dieu ehinh, tiic la m i i Hen hfi giiia nhiing tfadnfa vifin thudng xuyfin, duac Idp di Igp lai dudng ddy kit n i i eae ehd the hanh dpng lgi vdi nfaau, tgo nen quan faf xa fafi Quan hf xa fapi nhu Id mft he tfafing eae tuong tdc xd fafii Quan faf xd fafii la noi cde faanfa dfng xd fafi diln tfaudng xuyen, Igp di Idp lai, nfad md nd fainfa tfadnfa cdc mfi fainh quan faf xd hfi faay eiu tnie xa fapi, cdc tfi cfadc xa fafi, cae tfailt efal xa hfi Thuyfit hdnh dfing xa fafi ma Weber dua vdo nfaiing nam 1900 ^ trd kinfa ^ I n ciia cdc ngfaifin cdu tfaeo thuyfit muc dicfa Tfaeo thuylt myc dicfa, hdnfa dfng xa hfi la dii tupng nghien cdu cua xd hfi fapc Tfauylt hdnfa dfng Id nguon cho cdc Iy tfai^lt trao dfii, lya dipn hpp Iy, thuylt tirong tae bifiu trung, tiiuylt phucmg phdp ludn tfaycfaanfavd dgc bift Id tiiuylt hf tiling hdnh d f i ^ cda T Parsons Nhiing khai nifm ea bdn cua thuylt hanh dfng nhu: hdnh vi,fadnfadfing, hdnh vi xd hfi, hdnh dfing xd hfii, tucmg tdc xafafiivd quan faf xd fafi • tid tfadnfa cdc thanfa pfain cua khung Iy tfauyltfadnfadfng ttong phan tiefa xa fafi cap d^ vi mo Tai Ufu tham khao Coleman, J 1990 Foundations of social theory Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press Garfinkel, H 1984 Studies in ethnomethodology Polity Press, Cambridge Giddens A 1984 The constilution of society Polity Press, Cambridge Giddens, A 1991 Modernity and self-identity, Stanford University Press, Stanford Gordalt Marshall 1994 The Concise Oxford dictionary of sociology, Oxford university Press: 27-28 Habennas, J 1984/1987 Theory of communicative action T McCaiAy (Trans.) Boston: Beacon Press Kaipersen, Lars Bo 2000 Anthony Giddens, an introduction to a social theorist, Blacwell Publishers Luhmann Niklas 1968.TheNotionofPurpose and the Rationality ofSystems Mead, G.H 1934/1962 Mind, self, andsociety University of Chicago Press, Chicago Merton Robert K 1949 On sociological theories ofthe middle range in the book: social theory and social structure, Simon & Schuster, Free Press, NewYork Parsons, T 1937 The structure of social action Mc Graw Hill, New York Parsons, T., E.A Shills \9S\.Toward a general theory of action Harper, New York Ritzer, George 1996 Modern Sociological Theory, McGraw Hill Ritzer, George 2000 Contemporary sociological theory, McGraw Hill Scott, John 2006 Social Theory: Central Issues in Sociology, SAGE Publications Ltd Turner, Bryan S 2006 The Cambridge Dictionary ofSociology, Cambridge University Press Turner Jonathan H 2001 Handbook ofSociological Theory Springer, New Yoric Weber, Max 1990 Weber tuyin t^ Nxb Ti^n bf Matxcova, trang 625 (tiing Nga)  ... hifn hanh vi, catiifikfafing can su dyng tdi nfadn tfauc hay f tfauc va ngudi phdntichfadnh vi kfafing can quan ldm den vai ttd cua nfadn tfi y tfauc Cdc nhd hanh vi hpc dinh ngfaiafadnfavi nhu... ciia ngudi lafadnfavi,fadnfadpng,faanfadfng xa fafi (ho^ hdnh vi xafafi).Trong dd, hanh vi vafadnfadfng tfaufc dii tupng ngfaien cuu eua tdm li hpc, edn hdnfa dfng xd hfi hay hdnh vi xd hpi tfaupe... thing Vi du: nhiing can bp trang mfit co quan tuan thu quy c h i ldm vific, phdp luat cda nfaa nude, n i u ngudi ndo vi pfagm sfi b; phgt theo mdc dp vi pfagm Quan fafi xa hfi dupe hinh thdnh tren