NGHIEN CUU&LrNG DUNG DAC TRUNG CUA Kl NANG XA HOI ThS Nguyen Th! Hifcmg Trudng Dgi lioc Sup/igm Hd Npi SUMMARY There are many conceptions of social skills both inside and outside of education domain Because what skills are also social in nature and they are a tool to help people living actively and effectively in their activity environment Therefore, most of the comments about social skills are in general unclear The problm is that we have not indicated the nature and characteristics of social skills, the criteria for identifying and distinguishing social skills with other kinds of skills In this article we -will contribute some ideas to commentaries for this problem Tit khod: KX ndng, kindngxahgi, ddc diem cua kX ndng xd hgi, kindngsdng Ngay nhan bdi: 16/5/2014, duy?l dang 23/5/2014 Ddt van de Hign ed nhieu quan niem vl kT ndng xa hpi - Social Skills (KNXH) ca d vd ngodi ITnh vyc gido dye Vi mpi kT ndng dlu cd ban ehdt xa hpi vd xet den edng chung deu Id edng ey gidp ngudi sdng tfch eye vd hifu qud mdi trudng hoat dpng ca nhdn vd eac mdi quan hd hang ngdy, nen hdu hit nhttng y kiln vl KNXH ndi chung chua rd rdng, thilu trigt dl Cdc quan niem vl KNXH bat gdp tren edc sach bdo, tap chi, dy dn, internet thudng bj nhdm lln vdi kT nang sdng (Living Skills), kT ndng mlm (Soft Skills), thdm chi thdnh tinh edm, thdi dd, trf tug xue edm Nlu cdc khdi nipm dupe dua rdi sau dd din su dung Igi Idn chung vdo vdi thi that Id phi cdng va vd ich Xgt vl mat li lugn cung nhu thye tiln, KNXH phdi tdn tgi nhu mpt phgm trii ddc lap, nd cd ban chdt vd ddc trung rieng, dya vdo nhihig ddu higu ay ngudi ta ed thl nhdn dign vd phdn bigt dugc nd vdi nhtmg thd khdc Nhu vdy, vdn dk chua sdng td ehinh la d chd chung ta chua ehi dupe nhimg ddc trung cdn bdn cua KNXH Khi xem xet kT nang nao dd ed phai KNXH khdng thi phai cdn cd vao edi gi, vao chinh tinh chit cua kT nang hay vao ITnh vyc, ddi tugng ap dyng? Cu thl hon nifa, cd miy kilu KNXH phd bien, va chung Id nhDng kigu nao? Trong phgm vi bdi vilt chiing tdi chii yiu tdp trung vao viec Idm sdng td ban chat ciia KNXH, chi nhung ddc trung CO bdn cua KNXH, phdn bi§t KNXH vdi cdc logi kT ndng khdc ma ehdng ta thudng nham Idn lau Ban chat cua kl nSng xS hpi Theo cdch djnh nghTa eua Bach khoa todn thu md Wikipedia, Ky ndng xd hgi la nhiJng ky ndng tgo dieu kien cho ed nhan tuong tac va giao tigp vdi TAP CHi T H I E T B I GIAO DgC- sd 106 - 6/2014 nhung ngudi khdc Hay theo Kay Burke', ky ndng xa hdi ehinh Id cde ky ndng dl tgo dilu kign cho m§i cd nhdn tuong tde thdnh cdng mdi trudng xd hdi Vdi cdch hilu ndy, KNXH dugc ddng nhdt vdi kTndng lien ed nhan (Interpersonal Skills), dd Id logi kT ndng hudng tdi viee tao l|p vd giai quylt cdc mdi quan h§ giCta ngudi vdi ngudi ddi sdng hdng Theo Nguygn Thj Tinh va Huynh Vdn Son^ KNXH cdn hilu Id kT ndng hogt ddng xd hpi dd ehfnh Id khd nang thich dng vdi mdi frudng xS hdi, la ndng luc cdn phdi ed gidp ed nhdn thyc hien vai trd cua minh cdc mdi quan he xa hdi KNXH quylt djnh tryc tilp din mue dd, cudng dp va hieu qua cua vi|c th^rc hien cdc \a\ trd xS hpi cua cd nhdn Nd Id ndng lyc hi^n thyc hod kiln thdc vd thdi dp, gia tri thdnh hdnh ddng thyc tl Vdi edeh hilu ndy, KNXH cung ehing khdc gi vdi edc logi kT ndng chuygn mdn nghiep vy hay kT ndng thugc mdt nOI dung hgc vin cy thl ndo dd VI n6 cung Id viec vdn dyng nhOng kiln thdc hgc dugc vdo thyc tl ddi sdng vd nhu thl vif c ggi tdn vd bdn lu§n vl KNXH xem khdng edn gid trj Gresham vd Elliot (1990) eho ring KNXH Id nhihig mlu dng xd tgp nhilm hay hge dugc, dupe chap nhdn vl m^t xa hdi, giup mdi cd nhdn ed thl quygt dinh hdnh ddng vd img xu mdt cdch cd hi§u qud vdi ngudi khdc, gidp ngudi dd nhanh ehdng thieh nghi vdi hodn cdnh, trdnh dugc nhOng h§u qud tifiu ' Kathlyn M Steedly PhD Amanda Schwartz PhD., Michael Levin, M.A & Stephen D Lufce, Ed D Social SIdlls and Academic Achievement Evidence for Education Volume IIL Issue 2, August 2008 ' Nguyin Thi Tinh, Le Hdng San Th{tc trgng kT ndng hogi dgng xd hgi ciia sinh vien trudng Dgi hgc Su phgm - Dgi hgc Thdi Nguyen Tgp chi gido due sd 187 (Ki - 4/2008) NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG eye vg mat xa hdi Hay theo theo Foster & Ritehey (1979), Hersen & Bellack (1977), McFall (1982) vd Scack (1992), KNXH Id nhOng don vj ed thl quan sdt dupe eiia hanh vi Idi ndi vd phi Idi ndi hge dupe (cd dupe thdng qua vipc hpc), dupe kit hgp Igi, ed thl cung cd vd tri cdc mdi quan he qua lgi nhQng tinh hudng cy thl NhChig quan nigm ndy ddnh gid kT ndng ndi chung vd KNXH ndi rieng trgn phuong dien thyc hi§n Tire la kT nang khdng cdn Id trang thdi tdm li cda chu the cd kT ndng iy md nd Id hdnh vi dupe thue hien ty gide dudi sy dieu khiln eua ede yeu td tdm li, y thirc Nhdng phdn tich trgn ddy cho thiy, nhihig quan nifm vl KNXH cua cde tde gid dd bude ddu chi dupe chdn dung, dign mgo vl logi kT ndng Tuy vdy cd thl ndi ring d mdi quan diem dlu thilu di tinh chinh thl, tinh hg thing nhin nhgn ve bat ki logi kT nang ndo, dd cd KNXH Theo quan nigm cua chung tdi, KNXH sg bao hdm ba ITnh vyc chu yiu: 1/ KT ndng nhgn thde ve edi xd hdi hien thyc, trye tilp (bao gdm: kT nang quan sdt ede hien tugng xa hdi, kT ndng dp dyng tri thde nhd quan sdt vdo ddi sing xd hdi, kT ndng tu logic vl ede hien tupng xa hdi, kT nSng ddnh gid cdc hi§n tupng xd hdi, kT ndng gidi quylt vdn dg nh§n thde xa hpi); 2/ KT nang giao tilp vd dng xu cdc tinh hudng xa hpi cy thl (bao gdm: kT nang bdy td y kiln, quan dilm vdi ngudi khdc, kT ndng bieu Ip xiic cam giao tilp, kT ndng dinh hudng hanh vi giao tilp hodn canh xa hdi ey thl, kT ndng xu li cdc quan hg xa hdi mdi trudng edng cdng khde nhau, kT nang gidi quylt vin dl hodn ednh giao tilp xa hpi); 3/ KT ndng thieh dng xd hgi (bao gdm: kT nang thu xIp dn djnh luu chuyin sang cdng viec mdi, kT nang dilu ehinh euOc sdng edng egng hodn ednh xd hdi thay dli, kT nang td chuc vd tiln hanh hogt dgng xa hpi, kT nang thay ddi hay cdi tgo nhQng dilu kien nhdt djnh ddi sdng xa hpi eua ban thdn, kT ndng gidi quylt vin dl qud trinh thich img xd hpi) ngudi giup hg thyc hien dupe edc kT nang' DSc digm cua kl nSng xd h$i Tir vigc Idm rd ban chdt ciia KNXH trgn day ehdng tdi eho ring KNXH mang nhQng n6t ^ e trung sau: 3.1 KNXH la loai kTndng hudng vdo vigc nhdn thurc hay gidi quyet mpt edeh trye tiep ede vdn dl xa hdi ddi sdng ngudi Ta cdn nhdn manh d ddy Id ddi tupng tae dpng eua KNXH la edi xa hdi hien thyc, tryc tiep chd khdng phdi qua sdch vd, hay kinh nghigm xa hdi dupe truygn thy Igi Tit nhign viee nhgn thtre xS hpi hay tieh luy kinh nghipm xd hdi d mdi cd nhdn cd the bdng nhieu dudng khdc nhau, dd ITnh hdi qua tdi ligu sdch vd Id tuong ddi phd biln vd thgm chi eon dudng nhdn thirc ndy cd vai trd to Idn vigc bdi dip KNXH d mdi ngudi Tuy nhign, kT nang md ngudi su dyng dy khdng phdi Id KNXH md chiing chi don thudn Id kT nang dpe sdch, kT nang hpe tgp, kT ndng nghign cim Cdn KNXH Id logi kT ndng duge ngudi sir dyng dg tuong tac, irng xu tryc tilp vdi cai xa hdi hien thdi Nd dem lai hieu qua tucmg tac xa hgi eho chu the cd kT nang cae tinh hudng giao tiep xa hpi cu thg 3.2 Mdi mpt logi kT nang chi tuong dng vdi mpt dgng boat dpng ndo dd, khdng cd kT ndng chung chung, chang hgn kT ndng hgc tdp, kT nang ea hdt, kT nang dd bdng vd mdi logi kT nSng md ngudi cd dupe dlu giup eho hg tiln hdnh hieu qud cdc dang edng viec hay hogt dpng thupe loai kT nang ay Nhu vdy vai trd eua KNXH la giiip chu thl thyc hign kT ndng gidi quygt hieu qud ede vdn de ndy sinh ddi sdng xa hpi Cy till hon nda, KNXH gidp cho chii thl nhan thdc hieu qud edc tinh hudng xd hgi Tue Id hilu duge ngudi khdc thdng qua ca edc ygu td hiln ngdn vd hdm in Dpe dugc tam li ddi phuong dl phdn doan vd xu li cae vin dl ndy sinh Tieh luy kinh nghiem quan he vd giao tigp xa hdi de phdt trien ban than KNXH giup eho ehu thl thyc hien giao tiep vd ung xu xa hpi hieu qud Tire Id thye hien dupe nhQng Vdi quan niem nhu vgy, chung tdi cho ring hdnh vi cdc tinh hudng giao tigp xd hpi phii hpp KNXH Id khdi niem ehi nhCmg logi kT ndng hudng tdi vdi nhan thyc ciia ban than, phii hpp vdi ehuan myc vd dugc dp dyng tryc tilp vdo nhQng quan hp, hodn xd hgi vd dat dugc muc dich dg cdnh, qud trinh vd ddi sdng xa hpi cdng egng de giup KNXH giup cho chu thl thich img xa hpi thdnh cd nhdn nh(ln thdc, ung xu, giao tilp vd thfch img xd edng Tire Id hda nhap duge vdi nhQng dilu kien thay hdi thdnh edng, hieu qud d nhOng mde dp nhdt djnh ddi cua mdi trudng xa hpi Va xet tren mpt phuong Tit nhign KNXH cQng phdi bao hdm nd nhQng thdnh td eiu true nhu mgi logi kT ndng khde eua > Dgng Thdnh Hung Trdn Thj To Oanh Ban chdt v ngudi dd chinh Id cdc thao tdc, hdnh dpng vgt chdt diim ciia kt nang xa hgi Tgp chi Khoa hgc Gido due ho?c tri tu§, edc yiu t l vl tam If vd sinh hpe eua 100 H Thdng 1/2014 TAP CHi THlfrB[GlAODMC-Sd 106-6/2014 • l\ NGHIEN CUU & UNG DUNG dien ndo dd, chu the cd nhung tdc ddng hgp li dd cdi bign xd hdi theo mong mudn chu quan Tuy ddy khdng phai Id xu thl phd biln nhung hien tucmg ludn tdn tgi vd xet din cung nd cung vdn la giup cho chu thl thieh iimg tdt vdi mdi trudng xa hdi 3.3 KNXH khdng ddng nhit vdi kT nSng sdng Theo quan niem eua UNESCO, kT ndng sdng la "ndng lyc ed nhan giup ngudi thyc hien dugc ddy dd chdc nang vd tham gia vd cupe sdng hang ngdy" Digu ndy cung cd nghTa mpi loai kT ndng md ngudi cd dupe dlu Id kT nang sdng, vd tit cd nhdng kT ndng ay deu hudng vdo viee giup cho ngudi sdng thdnh edng, sdng tieh eye vd higu qua Trong dd, ICNXH nhu da bilt Id logi kT ndng hudng vdo viee gidi quylt cae mdi quan he lien ed nhdn, tdc la quan hg giOa ngudi vdi ngudi Nhu vgy KNXH ehi Id mdt bd phan cdu thdnh nen kT ndng sdng Tuy nhien bd phan kT ndng cd vai trd rit Idn ddi vdi mdi cd nhdn va toan xa hdi Xgt vl mat gid trj thi KNXH cd vai trd vd eiing Idn lao Nd hudng ngudi sdng hda nhdp hon vdi xa hdi, sd thudc xS hdi (belonging social) dl rdi cdng xd hpi dy chd khdng don thdn Id chi giup ed nhdn sdng Igc lOi, khdn ngoan hon 3.4 KNXH khdng phdi Id kT ndng mlm nhu nhilu ngudi vdn lam tudng Idu Chinh ban thdn khdi niem kT ndng mlm ciing cd nhilu each hilu Cd quan dilm eho ring kT ndng mlm Id logi kT ndng khdng dupe ddo tao bdi ban dg thyc hien mgt nganh nghl ndo dd Nd gidp cho chu thg cd logi kT ndng ay giai quylt hieu qud cae tinh hudng md ngudi ay gdp phai ddi sdng hang ngdy nhung khdng thudc pham trii nghg nghiep Hodc nd ed ehue ndng bd trp giup eho chu the thye hien hieu qud ede hdnh vi qud trinh tde nghiep ITnh vyc ehuyen mdn cua minh day can nhdn manh Id kT nang mem ehi cd chuc ndng bd trg md khdng phai quygt djnh, edi quygt djnh thi ehinh Id kT ndng nghe nghiep md ngudi dy dupe ddo tao bdi bdn qua trudng Idp de hdnh nghg Chang hgn, ddi vdi ngudi gido vien, kT nang thiet ke, kT nang td chdc hogt ddng hgc tdp, kT nSng giao tiep su phgm, kT ndng xd li tinh hudng su phgm la kt ndng nghg nghigp cdn kT ndng giao tiep xa giao, kT nang su dyng mdy tinh, kT ndng ca hat la kT ndng mlm Cd quan diem cho ring, kT ndng mem chfnh la logi kT ndng ma ta thay d bat ki thyc hien dugc mgt logi kT ndng ndo dd Vi dy kT ndng da dugc "lam mlm hda" bdi cde yeu td tdm li vd y thdc cua chu thg thye hien kT ndng KT ndng mgm dugc phan biet vdi kT nang cimg d chd, kT ndng eung chinh la md hinh II • TAP CHi THiaSI GIAO DgC-Sd 106-6/2014 vl kT aang (bao gdm tri thdc vl kT ndng, phuong thdc thyc hien, cdc yiu td tdm li, thl chit di kem ) dugc khdi qudt hda vd in trgn sach bdo, tap chi cdn nd dugc dd nh§n thdc, thye hifn thi nd trd thdnh kT nang mlm Nhu v$y rd rdng, eho du ta quan nidm vl kT nSng mlm thl ndo di chang nda thi nd cung khdng ding nhit vdi KNXH Ddi tupng dp dyng cua logi kT nang mlm rdt da dgng cd thl Id ngucri, cd thl Id vgt, cd thl tinh hudng mang ddm tinh xa hdi, ed thl tinh hudng vdi mdi trudng ty nhien edn KNXH eo ddi tugng dp dyng Id ede sy kien, hipn tu(^g, quan he xd hdi Id edi x3 hOi hien thye, tryc tiep 3.5 KNXH khdng thugc ve pham tru JcT ndng nghg nghiep, kT ndng nghiep vy hay chuyen bigt cua cdng viec ndo dd d3 duge djnh danh rd rdng Mpt dd dugc ddo tgo vl ITnh vyc djeh vu nhu hudng ddn vign du ljch, maketing thuong mgi, tiep vien hdng khdng thl dy kT ndng giao tiep xd giao Id kT ndng nghe nghiep md khdng dugc ggi Id KNXH Tuy nhien cung kT ndng giao tilp iy xuit hign d mdt ngudi hogt ddng ITnh vyc khdc nhu gido vign, kT sir, bac sT thi nd lgi dugc xem la KNXH Dilu ndy c6 nghTa Id mde dd kT ndng nghl nghiep ludn mang d^m tinh xd hdi vd thdm chi nd cung hudng vao vi^e gidi quylt tryc tilp cdc mdi quan he xa hpi nhung vSn khdng dugc coi Id KNXH Mdt kT ndng xuit hi§n d cd nhdn ndo dd cd phai Id KNXH hay khdng Igi tdy thudc vdo ITnh vyc hogt ddng nghe nghifp cua ngudi dy Nhu vdy nhin nhdn d mpt gdc dp ndy, KNXH la loai kT ndng bd trp eho eon ngudi vifc gidi quylt tryc tilp cdc mdi quan hg xa hpi, vd tat nhien nd eung bd trg cho ngudi ITnh vyc ho^t ddng nghl nghi§p cua hp Ket ludn 4.1 Cdc cdng trinh nghien cdu vl KNXH ngdy ehua nhilu, quan niem ve KNXH chua cd sy thdng nhit vd nhihig vin dl lien quan tdi KNXH nhu phdn logi, h§ thdng hda KNXH, gido dye KNXH cho mpi ngudi vdn cdn nhilu khodng trdng ddi hdi cSn cd sy diu tu nhilu hon nda eua ede nhd khoa hpc 4.2 Theo cdch tilp egn cua tdc gia, KNXH chfnh Id logi kT ndng hudng vdo vi^c nhdn thdc, giao tilp vd thfch dng vdi cdc tinh hudng x& hdi hi§n thyc, tryc tigp KNXH cd vai trd hit siic to Idn dd Id gidp cho mdi cd nhdn dng xd hieu qud vdi cde tinh hulng xa hdi cy thl vd tren hit nd hudng ngirdi Idi sy hod nhip xd hdi, sd thugc xa hpi KNXH khdng NGHIEN ci:ru & UNG DUNG ddng nhdt vdi kT ndng sdng, kT ndng mlm, kT ndng nghl nghiep 4.3 NhQng vin dl edn thue ddy nghign cdu ngdy lign quan tdi KNXH bao gdm: phdn logi, h§ thing hod edc KNXH co bdn; xdc djnh cdc KNXH cy thl ddi vdi timg ddi tugng ngudi hpc; de xuat ede phuang phdp, ehiln luge dl gido dye KNXH eho cde ddi tugng ngudi hgc khdc Tdi Ii§u tham khdo Ddng Thdnh Hung, Trdn Thj Td Oanh Bdn chat va ddc dilm eua kT nang xS hpi Tgp chi Khoa hgc Gido due, sd 100, H Thdng 1/2014 2.ahttp://www,phschool.com/eteach/ professional_development/teaching_the_social_ skills/essay.html Gresham P.M., & Elliot S.N Manual for the Social Skills Rating System Circle Pine MN American Guidance Service, Inc, 1990 Karen E Wolffe - Sharon Z Sacks - Karen L Thomas - Focused on, Importance and Need for Social Skills, American Foundation for the Blind (AFB Press), 2000 IIIJIJIIIMIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIItltlllMIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIII BIEN PHAP HiNH THANH BIEU TlfdNG (r^p,Heo.rangw vdi ddng hi; Trg da ed ky nang thye hi^n edc ygu cdu hogt ddng md cd ngu Bi^n phdp 3: Kit hgp giita trdi nghiem vdi tryc quan DDTG cd sy gidp dd cua dung cu TG vd tdi ndi khdi qudt khodng TG a M{ic dich: Ndng eao hi§u qua hinh thdnh BT vl DDTG cho trd; Gidp trd edm nh|in vd ed BT chinh xde hon vl DDTG 1,3,5 phut, ; Gidp trg bilt phdi hpp hogt ddng vdi vi§e theo ddi ddng hd edt hodc ddng hi nude, tir dd ndng cao y thde thyc hien hogt ddng ddng TG quy djnh, bilt udc lugng TG vd khdi lugng cdng vi§c dl hodn thdnh nhi§m vy khodng TG cho ph6p; Phdt triln khd ndng diing Idi ndi khdi qudt khodng TG b Y nghTa: Td chdc eho tre trdi nghiem DDTG kit hpp trye quan vdi sy gidp dd cua dyng ey TG vd Idi ndi khdi qudt eua GV giup tre hinh thdnh BT vl DDTG, phdt triln edc BTTG d mde dg eao Id co sd dl phdt triln kha nang ude lupng TG d tre Ddy id bien phdp hinh thdnh d tre BT chinh xdc vl DDTG, Id CO sd ban ddu dl hinh thdnh d tre tdm thl vl TG, nhd v§y yiu td TG sg trd thdnh mgt nhOng yiu td dilu khiln hogt dpng cua tre c Ngi dung: Chinh xdc hda BTTG phut bing vi§c cho tre theo ddi ddng hd; Td chdc cdc hoat ddng trdi nghiem kit hpp cho tre theo ddi ddng hd d Cdch thue liin hdnh: Cd thl tiln hdnh gid hpe ho$c cdc hogt dpng khdc ngodi gid hgc Birdc 1: Chinh xdc hda BT phut qua quan sdt ddng hi - Cho trg ngdi ygn quan sdt chuyin dpng cda kim ddng hi hay lu