198 C Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Dosages (Cinnamon) — tsp bark/cup water 2–3 ×/day w meals (APA; WIC); 0.5–1 g bark as tea ×/day (CAN); 2–4 g bark/day (KOM; WHO); 20 grains bark for dysentery (DEP); 0.3–1 g powdered bark (PNC); 0.5–1.0 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 70% ethanol) ×/day (CAN); 2–4 ml cinnamon tincture (CAN; PNC); 0.05–0.2 g EO/day (KOM; WHO); 0.05–0.2 ml cinnamon oil (PNC); 0.3–1.2 ml spirit of cinnamon (PNC) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cinnamon) — Class 2b, 2d “Not for long-term use; not exceed recommended dose (2–4 g bark/day; 50–200 mg EO/day) May overstimulate the vasomotor center” (AHP) Commission E reports bark contraindications: hypersensitivity to cinnamon or Peruvian balsam; and adverse effects: often allergic reactions of skin and mucosae TRAMIL warns against continued use because of mutagenicity (TRA) Extracts and cinnamaldehyde reported mutagenic in some studies, nonmutagenic in others Other sources report contraindications: GI-ulcer and pregnancy (AEH) CAN cautions that the cinnamaldehyde in the volatile oil is allergenic and irritant The allergenic oil should not be taken internally (CAN) “No known problems with the use of cinnamon during pregnancy and lactation, provided that doses not greatly exceed the amounts used in foods “May cause some people to break out in a rash” (Castleman, 1996) High doses caused vomiting in experiments with dogs, corresponding with reported side effects in humans Cinnamaldehyde, 5% in petrolatum, is a skin irritant Prolonged contact with cinnamon oil on skin may cause burns Cinnamaldehyde in cosmetics or perfumes may cause allergic reactions Allergic reactions (i.e., swollen lips or tongue, itching, burning sensation, blistering of the oral mucosa, and urticaria) reported from contact with ointments, toothpaste, mouthwash, or foods containing cinnamon oil or cinnamaldehyde (AEH1) Cinnamic aldehyde in perfumes can cause dermatosis In toothpaste, it can cause sensitivity (DAD) Sensitized and sensitive justifiable chemophobes may develop dermatosis using mouthwash, perfume, soap, or toothpaste flavored with camphor, cassia, or cinnamon (FNF; RIN) May reduce activity of tetracycline (WHO) Following ingestion of cinnamon, contact dermatosis may flare up Eugenol has been reported to be irritant and a weak tumor promoter EO LD50 690 mg/kg der (CAN) Perhaps second only to some varieties of clove (up to 20% eugenol), cinnamon (to 3.8%) is a major source of eugenol CINNAMON-VINE, CHINESE YAM (Dioscorea batatas Decne.) ++ Synonym — Dioscorea opposita auct Activities (Cinnamon-Vine) — Antioxidant (1; PR14:250); Antiradicular (1; PR14:250); Nootropic (f; X10925408) Indications (Cinnamon-Vine) — Asthma (f; DAA); Bite (f; DAA); Cachexia (f; DAA); Cough (f; DAA); Debility (f; DAA); Diarrhea (f; DAA); Dyspepsia (f; DAA); Dysuria (f; DAA); Enterosis (f; DAA); Enuresis (f; DAA); Hypertonia (f; DAA); Leukorrhea (f; DAA); Neurasthenia (f; DAA); Night Sweats (f; DAA); Polyuria (f; DAA); Snakebite (f; DAA); Spermatorrhea (f; DAA); Sting (f; DAA) Dosages (Cinnamon-Vine) — None found Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cinnamon-Vine) — Not covered (AHP; KOM; PH2) None found Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 199 CLARY (Salvia sclarea L.) +++ C Synonym — S sclarea var turkestaniana Mottet Activities (Clary) — Analgesic (1; TAD); Antibacterial (f; HH2); Antidiaphoretic (f; EFS); Antiinflammatory (1; TAD); Antiseptic (f; CRC; EFS; HH2); Antispasmodic (f; CRC); Astringent (f; CRC; EFS); Balsamic (f; CRC); Digestive (f; CRC); Emmenagogue (f; CRC; EFS); Stimulant (f; CRC; EFS); Stomachic (f; CRC; EFS) Indications (Clary) — Bacteria (f; HH2); Cancer (f; CRC); Catarrh (f; CRC; EFS; HH2); Conjunctivosis (f; CRC); Cramp (f; CRC; HH2); Debility (f; CRC); Dysmenorrhea (f; HH2); Dyspepsia (f; CRC); Felon (f; CRC; JLH); Gas (f; HHB); Headache (f; CRC; HH2); Infection (1; HH2); Inflammation (1; TAD); Kidney Stone (f; CRC); Nephrosis (f; CRC; HH2); Ophthalmia (f; CRC); Pain (1; TAD); Swelling (f; CRC); Tumor (f; CRC); Uterosis (f; CRC) Dosages (Clary) — Food farmacy? To be eaten for cancer (JLH) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Clary) — Class (AHP) Not covered (KOM; PHR; PH2) LD50 EO = >5000–5600 mg/kg orl rat (HH2); LD50 EO = >520–550 mg/kg ipr mouse (HH2); LD50 EO = 740 mg/kg ipr rat (HH2); 2000–>5000 mg/kg dml dog (HH2) CLEAVERS (Galium aparine L.) ++ Activities (Cleavers) — Alterative (f; DAA; EFS; PNC); Antibacterial (1; APA); Antidyscratic (f; MAD); Antiinflammatory (1; FAD); Antipyretic (f; DAA); Antispasmodic (f; EFS); Aperient (f; DAA; EFS; PNC; SKJ); Astringent (1; APA; DAA; PNC); Demulcent (1; WAM); Depurative (1; DAA; EFS; WAM); Diaphoretic (f; DAA); Diuretic (1; APA; CAN; DAA; FAD); Emetic (f; DEM); Emmenagogue (f; MAD); Hemostat (f; DAA; MAD); Hypotensive (1; DAA; FAD); Immunostimulant (1; WAM); Laxative (1; APA; DEM; PNC); Larvicide (1; APA); Litholytic (f; PH2); Lymph Tonic (1; WAM); Poison (f; DEM); Tonic (f; DAA; DEM; PNC) 200 C Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Indications (Cleavers) — Adenopathy (f; APA; CAN; DAA; MAD); Ague (f; CEB); Amenorrhea (f; MAD); Ascites (f; MAD); Bacteria (1; APA); Bleeding (1; APA; DAA; DEM; MAD; PH2); Bite (f; CEB); Burn (1; APA); Calculus (f; PH2); Cancer (f; APA; DAA; MAD); Cancer, breast (f; CEB; JLH); Cancer, gland (f; DAA); Cancer, skin (f; JLH); Cancer, throat (f; DAA; JLH); Cancer, tongue (f; DAA; MAD); Catarrh (f; HH2; PH2); Cholecystosis (f; HH2); Constipation (1; APA; DEM; PNC); Cramp (f; DAA; EFS); Cystosis (1; APA; PH2; PNC; WAM); Dermatosis (1; APA; EFS; HH2; JLH); Dropsy (f; MAD; PH2); Dysuria (f; MAD; PH2; CAN); Eczema (f; MAD); Enuresis (f; CEB); Epilepsy (f; CEB; MAD); Epistaxis (f; CEB); Exanthema (f; MAD); Fever (f; APA; DAA; TOM); Freckle (f; CEB; DAA); Gastrosis (1; WAM); Gonorrhea (f; DEM; MAD); Gout (f; CEB; TOM); Gravel (f; MAD); Hemoptysis (f; DEM); Hepatoma (f; DAA); High Blood Pressure (1; DAA; FAD); Hysteria (f; CEB); Immunodepression (1; WAM); Induration (f; JLH); Inflammation (1; FAD); Ischuria (1; PH2); Itch (f; DEM); Jaundice (f; APA; DAA; MAD); Kernel (f; DAA; JLH); Kidney Stone (f; APA); Leprosy (f; MAD); Leukemia (f; DAA); Lichen (f; MAD); Lithiasis (f; PH2); Lymphadenosis (f; CAN); Mastosis (f; PH2); Nephrosis (f; APA; DAA; DEM; HH2); Obesity (f; DAA; DEM; TOM); Otosis (f; MAD); Phthisis (f; MAD); Poison Ivy (f; DEM); Psoriasis (f; APA; CAN; MAD); Scarlet Fever (f; CEB); Scrofula (f; MAD); Smallpox (f; CEB); Sore (f; APA; MAD); Stomatosis (f; MAD); Stone (f; HH2; MAD; PH2); Swelling (f; MAD); Tonsilosis (1; WAM); Tuberculosis (f; MAD); Ulcer (f; APA); UTI (1; APA); VD (1; APA; MAD); Water Retention (1; APA; CAN; DAA; FAD; PH2); Wen (f; JLH); Wound (f; APA); Yeast (1; APA) Dosages (Cleavers) — oz leaf/pint water ×/day (APA); 5–10 ml herb tincture ×/day (APA); 2–4 g herb as tea ×/day (CAN); 3–4 tsp (3.3–4.4 g)/day in tea (MAD); 2–4 ml liquid extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) ×/day (CAN; PNC); 2–4 ml liquid herb extract (PNC); 3–15 ml expressed juice ×/daily (CAN); 3.75–7.5 g expressed sap (MAD); tsp (3.3–4.4 g) in glasses water (HH2; PH2) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cleavers) — Class (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not recorded for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) None known (WAM) Diabetics should use the expressed juice only with caution Excessive use of cleavers should be avoided, especially during pregnancy (CAN) Lower arterial blood pressure in canines with no slowing of heart and no toxic effects Like other iridoids, asperuloside is a mild laxative (PNC) It can be converted to prostanoid intermediates I was surprised to find harmine, 1-hydroxydesoxypeganin, 8-hydroxy-2,3-dehydrodesoxypeganin, and protopine listed for this plant by the Herbal PDR (Gruenwald, et al., 2000) I am reluctant to enter them in my database without checking their original sources CLEMATIS (Clematis recta L.) + EFS, properly methinks, treat C recta and C vitalba, as a unity Activities (Clematis) — Diaphoretic (f; EFS); Diuretic (f; EFS; HHB); Fungicide (1; HHB); Irritant (1; EFS); Laxative (f; EFS); Rubefacient (f; EFS); Vesicant (1; EFS; HHB); Vulnerary (f; PH2) Indications (Clematis) — Adenopathy (f; HHB); Arthrosis (f; HHB); Blister (f; PH2); Blood (f; EFS); Catarrh (f; HHB); Dermatosis (f; HHB); Eczema (f; HHB); Edema (f; HHB); Fever (f; EFS); Fungus (1; HHB); Gonorrhea (f; HHB); Gout (f; HHB); Headache (f; PH2); Infection (1; HHB); Mycosis (1; HHB); Nephrosis (f; EFS); Osteosis (f; PH2); Pain (f; HHB); Prostatosis (f; HHB); Rheumatism (f; HHB); Scrofula (f; EFS); Sore (f; PH2); Swelling (f; HHB); Syphilis (f; HHB); Varicosis (f; PH2); VD (f; HHB); Water Retention (f; EFS; HHB) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Clematis) — Not covered (AHP) Hazards and/or side effects not known for therapeutic dosages of the dehydrated drug (PH2) Death by asphyxiation following the intake of large quantities of protoanemonine-forming plants has been Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 201 observed in animal experiments (PH2) That template warning could apply to many members of the Ranunculaceae PH2 was kind to the herb, noting that this plant was less dangerous than some other better known Ranunculaceae CLIMBING POTATO (Bowiea volubilis Harv ex Hook f.) X Synonym — Ophiobostryx volubilis (Harv ex Hook f.) Skeels Activities (Climbing Potato) — Cardiotonic (1; CRC; VVG; WBB); Collyrium (f; CRC); Emetic (f; VAG; WBB); Irritant (f; WBB); Laxative (f; VVG; WBB); Philtre (f; WBB); Poison (1; CRC); Rodenticide (1; WBB) Indications (Climbing Potato) — Ascites (f; CRC; WBB); Conjunctivosis (f; VAG; WBB); Constipation (f; CRC); Cystosis (f; VAG); Dropsy (f; CRC); Edema (f; VVG); Headache (f; VAG); Infertility (f; CRC; VVG; WBB); VD (f; WBB) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Climbing Potato) — Human fatalities reported (VAG); African medicine men have killed patients with overdoses Vomiting and purgation were followed by death in hours to days But death can occasionally occur in minutes (CRC) Internal use may cause fatality (ZUL) One-half ounce bulb fatal to sheep (WBB) Tuber 30 times digitalis, flower 60 times, so don’t eat this flower g flower = g pure digitoxin MLD bulb alkaloid 0.28 ppm gastric intubation in cats (WBB) CLOVES (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr & L M Perry) +++ Synonyms — Caryophyllus aromaticus L., Eugenia aromatica (L.) Baill., E caryophyllata Thunb., E caryophyllus (Spreng.) Bullock & S G Harrison Activities (Cloves) — Analgesic (2; APA; CAN; PHR; PH2; PIP; WAM); Anesthetic (1; CRC; HH2; KOM; PH2; TRA); Anthelminthic (1; PNC); Antiaggregant (1; DAD; TRA); Antialzheimeran (1; COX; FNF); Antiarthritic (1; COX; FNF); Antibacterial (1; KOM; PH2; PIP; TRA); Anticancer (1; APA); Anticonvulsant (1; TRA); Antidote (f; CRC); Antiemetic (f; CAN; HH2); Antiherpetic (1; HH2; TRA); Antihistaminic (1; CAN); Antiinflammatory (1; COX; FNF); Antimutagenic (1; X7753104); Antinitrosating (1; X7753104); Antioxidant (1; APA); Antiperspirant (f; CRC); Antiseptic (1; APA; CRC; HHB; KOM; PH2); Antispasmodic (1; HH2; KOM; PH2; PIP); Antiviral (1; APA; KOM; PH2; PIP; TRA); Candidicide (1; APA; TRA); Carminative (1; C 202 C Handbook of Medicinal Herbs CAN; CRC); Counterirritant (1; CAN); Deodorant (f; CRC); Digestive (f; CRC); Expectorant (f; CRC); Fungicide (1; KOM; PH2; PIP; TRA); Insectifuge (1; CRC; WOI); Larvicide (1; APA); Parasympaticolytic (1; TRA); Peristaltic (f; CRC); Rubefacient (f; CRC); Stimulant (1; CRC; FNF); Stomachic (f; CRC); Tonic (f; CRC); Tranquilizer (1; TRA); Trichomonicide (1; HH2); Trypsin-Potentiator (1; CAN); Vasodilator (1; TRA); Vermifuge (f; CRC) Indications (Cloves) — Alzheimer’s (1; COX; FNF); Anorexia (f; PH2); Arthrosis (1; COX; FNF); Aspergillus (1; HH2); Athlete’s Foot (15% tincture in 70% alcohol) (2; CAN); Bacteria (1; KOM; PH2; PIP; TRA); Bronchosis (2; PHR); Bug Bite (1; APA); Bunion (1, TGP); Callus (f; CRC); Cancer (1; APA; COX; FNF; X7753104); Candida (1; APA; HH2; TRA); Caries (f; CRC); Childbirth (f; CRC); Cholera (f; CRC); Cold (2; PHR; PH2); Colic (1; CAN; PH2); Convulsion (1; TRA); Cough (2; PHR); Cramp (1; HH2; KOM; PH2; PIP); Dermatosis (1; APA); Diarrhea (1; APA; CRC; HH2); Dyspepsia (f; CRC; HH2); Enterosis (f; CRC); Escherichia (1; HH2); Fever (2; PHR); Fungus (1; CRC; HH2; KOM; PH2; PIP; TRA); Gas (1; CAN; CRC; HH2; PH2); Gastrosis (f; CRC; PH2); Gingivosis (1; APA); Halitosis (1, LMP; PH2; TGP); Headache (1; HH2; PH2); Heart (f; CRC); Hernia (f; CRC); Herpes (1; HH2; TRA); Hiccup (f; CRC); Infection (2; APA; KOM; PHR; PH2; PIP; TRA); Infertility (f; CRC); Inflammation (2; COX; FNF; KOM); Maculosis (1, TGP); Mucososis (1; APA); Myalgia (f; HH2); Mycosis (1; KOM; PH2; PIP; TRA); Nausea (f; CRC); Nervousness (1; TRA); Ophthalmia (f; PH2); Pain (2; APA; CAN; CRC; HH2; KOM; PHR; PH2; PIP; TRA; WAM); Pharyngosis (2; APA; KOM; PH2; PIP); Phthisis (f; CRC); Polyp (f; CRC); Retinosis (1, TGP); Rhinosis (f; CRC); Sore (f; CRC); Sore Throat (PIP); Spasm (f; CRC); Staphylococcus (1; HH2); Stomatosis (2; APA; KOM; PH2; PIP); Teething (1; WAM); Toothache (2; APA; CAN; HH2; PH2; TRA); Trichomonas (1; HH2); Ulcer (f; PH2); Uterosis (f; CRC); Vaginosis (1; APA; HH2); Virus (1; APA; CRC; KOM; PH2; PIP; TRA); Vomiting (f; CAN; HH2); Wart (f; CRC); Worm (f; CRC); Wound (1; APA; CRC); Yeast (1; APA; HH2; TRA) Dosages (Cloves) — 120–320 mg clove (CAN); 100–300 mg powdered clove (PNC); 0.05–0.2 ml clove oil (CAN; PNC); Mouthwashes with 1–5% EO (KOM; PH2); 2–4 ml concentrated clove infusion (PNC) Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Cloves) — Class (AHP) “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2) CAN reports the eugenol in the volatile oil to be an irritant The oil is a dermal and mucous irritant, sometimes causing cheilitis, dermatosis, and stomatosis NO undiluted oil on infants’ gums or throat (Dilution: 2–4 drops oil to tsp almond, safflower, or canola oil) (WAM) May interfere with anticoagulant therapy “There are no known problems with the use of clove during pregnancy and lactation, provided that doses not greatly exceed the amounts used in foods” (CAN) Clove bud oil is reported to have an oral LD50 of 2650 mg/kg body weight in rats (equaling that of the major ingredient, eugenol, which sensitizes some people, causing contact dermatosis) (DAD) EO LD50 = 2650 mg/kg orl rat (CRC) Major source of the COX-2 inhibitor, oleanolic acid, with clove up to 2% (COX) As the best source of eugenol, clove (up to 20% eugenol) may share many of its reported biological activities CLUBMOSS (Lycopodium clavatum L.) ++ Activities (Clubmoss) — Analgesic (f; DEM); Antispasmodic (f; EFS; HHB); Aphrodisiac (f; FAD); Carminative (f; EFS); Depurative (f; PH2); Diuretic (f; EFS; HHB); Emmenagogue (f; EFS; HHB); Gastrosedative (f; FEL); Hemostat (f; DEM); Laxative (f; EFS) ... therapeutic dosages of the dehydrated drug (PH2) Death by asphyxiation following the intake of large quantities of protoanemonine-forming plants has been Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 201 observed... Litholytic (f; PH2); Lymph Tonic (1; WAM); Poison (f; DEM); Tonic (f; DAA; DEM; PNC) 200 C Handbook of Medicinal Herbs Indications (Cleavers) — Adenopathy (f; APA; CAN; DAA; MAD); Ague (f; CEB); Amenorrhea.. .Handbook of Medicinal Herbs 199 CLARY (Salvia sclarea L.) +++ C Synonym — S sclarea var turkestaniana Mottet