Cicero (Roman orator), 215, 265 Cimabue (Florentine painter), 142 Cisneros, Jiménes de, 217 Cistercian Order, 15, 91, 168, 223 Clarendon, Constitutions of, 38 Claudius Nero (Roman consul), 410 Claudius (emperor of Rome), 12 Clement (Irish scholar), 75 Clement III (pope), 164, 195, 344 Clement IV (pope), 33 Clement V (pope), 29, 89, 236, 326, 327 Clement VI (pope), 177 Clement VII (pope), 31 Clement XI (pope), 20 Clermont, Council of, 344, 409 Clive, Robert, 280 Clotaire II (Frankish king), 72 Clovis I (king of the Franks), 129, 209, 273 Cluny, 42, 90–92 Code of Canon Law, 148 Code of Justinian, 148 Codex Theodosianus, 61 codices, Mesoamerican, 280, 337, 338 Coe, Michael D., 338 Coladi Rienzo, 30, 212 Colet, John, 217 College of Cardinals, 426 Cologne Confederation, 158 Colonna, Pietro de, 344 Colonna family, 344–345 Columba (saint), 75, 358 Columban of Leinster, 75, 92 Columbus, Christopher, 137, 416 Comenius, Johannes Amos, 190 Comgall, 92 Concordat of London, 426 Concordat of Vienna See Vienna Concordat Concordat of Worms, 164, 175, 244, 426 Confederation of Warsaw, 256 Confucian Classics, 123, 276, 334, 394, 425, 430, 435, 442, 444 Confucianism, 430 Confucius, 222, 242, 425, 430 Congo, Democratic Republic of the, 36, 37 Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, 197 Conisburgh, Richard, 165 Connla’s Well, 199 Conrad, duke of Franconia, 174 Conrad, duke of Lorraine, 262 Conrad II (king of Germany), 70, 174, 329 Conrad III (king of Germany), 94, 130 Conrad IV (king of Germany), 153, 176 Index Constance, Council of, 30, 92–93, 168, 178, 188, 346, 428 Constance, Treaty of, 212 Constance of Sicily, 311 Constans II (Byzantine emperor), 63 Constantine I See Constantine the Great Constantine II (Byzantine emperor), 60 Constantine III (Heraclius) (Byzantine emperor), 63 Constantine IV (Byzantine emperor), 53, 63 Constantine V (Byzantine emperor), 58, 64, 194 Constantine VI (Byzantine emperor), 64 Constantine VII (Porphyrogenitos) (Byzantine emperor), 64 Constantine VIII (Byzantine emperor), 65 Constantine IX (Byzantine emperor), 65 Constantine X (Byzantine emperor), 65 Constantine the African, 267 Constantine the Great (emperor of Rome), 56, 60, 67, 129, 320 Constantinople, xl, 57, 60, 94, 126, 194, 245, 269, 303, 323, 413, 434 Council of, 67 massacre of, 58, 93 Constantius (emperor of Rome), 60 Constantius Chlorus (Western Roman emperor), 129 Contarini, Domenico, 412 Copernicus, xxxi Corbeil, William de, 375 Cortes, as Spanish parliament, 88 Cortés, Hernán, xxxix, 181, 182, 276, 337, 338, 339, 390 Corvinus, Matthias, 155, 178 Cotyaeum, Battle of, 62 Courtenay dynasty, 248 Covadonga, Battle of, 86 Crécy, Battle of, 48, 184, 185, 269, 307 Crisoloras, Manuel, 52 crossbow, xxxviii–xxxix Crusades, 4–6, 20, 23, 24, 35, 54, 57, 58, 84, 90, 94–96, 119, 126, 130, 136, 143–144, 175, 176, 196, 236, 245, 285, 301, 306, 325, 342, 355, 356, 402, 413 Crusades, the, xxxvii, 1095–1221, M42 Curzola, Battle of, 136 Cuthbert (saint), 14, 39 Cuthwin (cleric), 39 Cyril and Methodios, 47, 96, 189, 285, 420 D Dadu (T’a-tu), 437, 438 da Gama, Vasco, 167, 332, 445 Dagda, 76 455 Dahomey, 40 Dai Viet, 78, 233 Dalzell, Archibald, 40 Damascene, John, 68, 97–98, 194 Damascus, xxxii, xxxvii, xxxviii, 35, 69, 95, 203, 399, 433 Dandanqan, Battle of, 139, 262 Dandolo, Enrico, 90, 93, 413 Danelaw, 6, 17, 98–99, 110 Daniil of Volhynia, 283 Dannoura, Battle of, 134, 231 Dante Alighieri, 46, 81, 84, 85, 99–100, 142, 215 Daoism (Taoism), xxxiii, 82, 299, 381, 393, 390, 430 Daqiqi, 122 Dark Ages, xxxvi, 76 David I (king of Scotland), 359, 360 Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, 281 Da Xia (Ta Hsia) dynasty, 429 deforestation, xxix Delhi Sultanate, 100–101, 203–204, 287, 402 Delhi Sultanate, the, 1236–1398, M48 Denmark, 415, 416–419 Desert Fathers and Mothers, 76 Despenser, Hugh, 118 Dharmasokaraj, 370 Dhimmi, 101–102 Dhuoba, 75 Dias, Bartolemeu, 167, 333 Diet of Wurzburg, 426 Dimitri, governor of Kiev, 284 Dimitri Donkoi, 285 Dimitri of Moscow, 285 Diocletian (emperor of Rome), 60 Di Renjie (Ti Jeh-chieh), 427 Divine Caliphate and the Ummah, 102–104 Długosz, Jan, 256 Dogen, 441 dogs, xxxi Dome of the Rock, 203, 205, 406, 407 Domesday Book, 309 Dominican Inquisition, 245 Dominican Order, 168, 272, 356 Donatello, 51, 104–105, 141, 216 Donne, John, 85 Doria, Andrea, 137 Dornach, Battle of, 178 Doukid dynasty, 65 Dracula, 271 Dravidians, 319 Druids, 200 Druze, 365 Du Fu (Tu Fu), 82, 83, 432 Dumas, Alexander, 88 Dunawa Dibilani, 230–231