20 art and architecture lands between roughly 30 and 43 degrees south latitude, the Araucanians were loosely incorporated into the Inca realm in the late 1400s, though Inca influence was never strong Sedentary agriculturalists who cultivated corn, beans, and other crops, the Araucanians were less a unified polity than a series of independent chieftaincies sharing the same language and broadly similar social and cultural attributes The first Spanish incursion into the area, led by Diego de Almagro in 1535–37, met with bitter disappointment The second, led by Pedro de Valdivia beginning in 1540, was nominally more successful In 1541, Valdivia founded Santiago and a number of lesser settlements After returning to Peru in 1547 and helping suppress the rebellion of Gonzalo Pizarro, Valdivia was named governor of Chile From 1549, he continued his effort to conquer the Araucanians, marching south to the Bío-Bío River and founding the fortress-towns of Concepción (1550) and Valdivia (1552) Dividing subjugated Indians into encomiendas and heartened by reports of large deposits of gold, Valdivia encouraged miners and prospectors to stream into the district In 1553, a large force of Araucanians from the province of Tucapel and under the leadership of the chieftains Lautaro and Caupolicán launched a counterattack that annihilated an entire Spanish expedition, including Governor Valdivia, whom they ate in ritual cannibalism A general uprising continued for four years Their exploits were immortalized in the epic poem La Araucana (pub 1569–89) by the Spanish poet Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga A brutal war followed In 1598, victorious Araucanians captured and ate Governor Martín García de Loyola By 1600, the successors of Lautaro and Caupolicán had destroyed most of the nascent Spanish settlements south of the Bío-Bío Over the next two centuries, there emerged a complex military and political struggle, as the Spanish settlements slowly grew and groups of Araucanians rose in major uprisings in 1723, 1740, and 1776 Scholars have emphasized the internal transformations in Araucanian culture, politics, and militarism, and the role played by Spanish deserters, as key to their long success in resisting Spanish domination They were not militarily conquered until 1883, while their cultural influence remains strong in Chile today See also Andean religion Further reading: Dillehay, Thomas D Araucanians: Empire and Resistance in the South Andes Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 2007; Padden, Robert Charles, and John E Kicza, eds The Indian in Latin American History: Resistance, Resilience, and Acculturation Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1993 Michael J Schroeder art and architecture From the 1390s onward, Renaissance ideas influenced European styles of art and architecture This was initially seen in the architecture in Florence, Italy, with the completion of the Duomo The building of the cathedral had ended in 1296 without the dome Work on the dome started in 1419 when the architect Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1446) created the design and got the city fathers to agree to it; it was completed in 1436 The baptistery, near the cathedral, has magnificent bronze doors showing the Gates of Paradise by Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378–1455), which were made from 1425 until 1452 and show a distinct Romanesque style; it, along with the nearby Basilica di San Lorenzo (construction started in 1425), are harmonious examples of Renaissance architecture The splendor of Florence spread to other parts of Italy One of the largest artistic and architectural achievements was the rebuilding of St Peter’s Basilica, Rome, beginning in 1506 with Michelangelo as the architect of the Basilica and painter of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel from 1508 until 1512 Work had begun on the Doges’ Palace in Venice in the 1340s, and Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper and created other works of art and science Other artists and architects of the period include Leon Battista Alberti (1404–72), Piero della Francesca (c 1416–92), Benozzo Gozzoli (c 1420–97), Masaccio (Tommasso Guidi, c 1401–28), with Tintoretto (Jacopo Robusti, 1518–94) flourishing from the 1560s, Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598–1680) from the 1620s, and Canaletto (Giovanni Antonio Canale, 1697–1768) painting the first of his famous Venetian views in 1723 In the Mediterranean, following the defeat of the Turks at Malta in 1565, work began on building the city of Valletta close to the forts that had held out during the siege The general and architect Gabrio Serbelloni (1509–80) from Spain was involved in much of the work there In Spain, the architectural style was moving from the Early Gothic to the Late Gothic, with the Church of San Juan de los Reyes in Toledo expressing the Isabelline style that marked the period after the accession of Ferdinand and Isabella, the capture of Granada in