432 Index kowtow, 334, 401 Krapp, Katharina, 242 Kubilai Khan (Mongol emperor of China), 14 L labor, xxiv, xxv, 121–122, 159, 178–179, 250, 283–284, 361, 362–363, 372–374, 384 Lacombe, Father, 324, 325 Ladislaus II Jagiello (king of Poland) , 90, 182 Ladislaus II of Lithuania and III of Poland, 291 Ladislaus IV (king of Poland), 91 Lafaye, Jacques, 398 Lainez, Diego, 390 Lama, Ridrigo da, 209 Lancaster, House of, 338–339 Landa, Diego de, 207–208, 312, 412, 413 Landgrave, 27 Lanling Xiaoxiao Sheng, 214 Laos, 323 La Pộrouse, Jean-Franỗois de Galoup, comte de, 170 Laplace, Pierre, 346 LaSalle, René-Robert Cavelier, sieur de, 272, 400 Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 15, 109, 122, 123, 208–209, 352, 353 Las Salinas, Battle of, 300, 393 Lateran Council, Fifth, 92 Latin America, 208–209, 327 Bourbon dynasty in, 44–46, 277 caciques in, 62–63, 66, 67, 68, 111, 246 Chilam Balam, books of, 74–76, 412, 413 Dutch influences in, 114–115 honor ideology in, 168–169 obrajes in colonial, 159, 250, 276, 283–284, 361 Latin Bible, 40 Latin Vulgate, 41, 212 Lauchen, Georg Joachim von, 88 Laud, William, 70, 71, 370, 371 Lautaro, 20, 394 Lavoisier, Antoine, 346 Law, John, 218, 219 law of free trade, 46 law of gravitation, 346 Laws of Burgos, 122 Lebna Dengel, 177, 209–210 Le Brun, Charles, 21 Le dynasty of Vietnam, 210–211 Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van, 344, 345 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 149, 278 Leicester, earl of (Robert Dudley), 367 Leipzig Interim, 242 leishmaniasis, 85 Le Loi, 210 Lemos, 61 Lenni Lenape Indians, 298 Leo X, 80, 105, 135, 154, 211, 223, 332 Leo Africanus (Hassan El Wazzan), 211–212 Leonardo da Vinci, 20, 43 Leopold I (Holy Roman Emperor), 158, 369 Leopold II (Holy Roman Emperor), 158, 222 Lepanto, Battle of, 21, 293, 306, 350 Leslie, David, 71 Lesser Antilles, xxvi, 65, 66, 372 Le Tellier, Michel, 82, 217 Le Thai To, 210 Le Thanh Tong, 210 Leusdan, 364 Levant Company, 121 Le Vau, Louis, 21, 39 levellers, 79, 96, 319 limpieza de sangre, 327 Linacre, Thomas, 254 lineage slavery, Line of Demarcation, 56 Lipan, 263 literature, 212–215 Livonian War, 184 Lizard Point, 368 Li Zhi, 214 Li Zhizao (Li Chih-tsao), 334 Li Zicheng (Li Tzu-ch’eng), 248, 249, 407, 416 Li Zucheng (Li Tsu-ch’eng), 111 llama, 85 Loaisa, Rodrigo de, 313 Locke, John, 215–216 Lodi dynasty, 256 lollards, 40, 106 London, Treaty of, 369 London Company, 188 Longwu (Lung-wu) (emperor of China), 416 Lord of Miracles, 398 Lord of the Conquest, 398 Lord of Villaseca, 398 Louis XI (king of France), 195, 216–217, 395 Louis XII (king of France), 162, 226, 394, 395 Louis XIII (king of France), 5, 70, 161, 187, 217, 240, 272, 335, 336, 382 Louis XIV (king of France), 4, 5, 19, 38, 46, 47, 49, 72, 82, 83, 131, 132, 138, 139, 140, 141, 150, 158, 172, 187, 188, 217–218, 230, 265, 272, 325, 336, 369, 382, 402 Louis XV (king of France), 140, 218–219 Louis of Hungary, 73 Louisiana Purchase, 273 Loyola, Ignatius of, 92–93, 128, 190, 220–221 Loyola, Martín García de, 20 Luba-Lunda, 221–222 Lubomirski Rebellion, 194 Lucero, Gonzalo, 110 Lugo, Pedro de, 192, 193 Luna y Arellano, Tristan de, 110 Luque, Hernando de, 101, 299 Luther, Martin, 15, 26, 40, 64, 92, 105–106, 117, 125, 126, 163, 166, 171, 174, 196, 212, 222–224, 242, 243, 296, 297, 315–316, 331–332, 352, 416, 417 Lutheran Church, 28, 223, 242, 318 Lutzen, Battle of, 77, 382 M Macao, 334 Portuguese in, 225 Macartney, George, Lord, 324 MacDonald clan, 402 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 43, 89, 154, 173, 214, 226, 331 Mackenzie, Alexander, 170 Madrid, Treaty of, 45, 56 Magdalena, 110 Magellan, Ferdinand, 60, 226–227, 307, 388, 399 Magnaghi, Alberto, 397 Mahabat Khan, 186 Mahfuz of Haran, 209 Mahmoud, 261 maize, xxv, 83, 244, 248, 266, 280 Majilesi, Mohammed Baqir, 261 Major Religions in the Eastern Hemisphere, c 1500, M65 Malacca, 139 Portuguese and Dutch colonization of, 227–228, 400 malaria, 85, 123, 322, 364, 397 Mali, 375 Malinche, La (Doña Marina), 228–229, 245, 247 Malory, Thomas, 213 Malplaquet, Battle of, 369 Mamluk dynasties in Egypt, xxviii, 211, 229–230, 291 Manahoac Indians, 314 Manchu dynasty, 321 Manco Capac, 98 Manco Inca, 300, 311 Manicheanism, 196