North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC), 320 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), xxxviii, 43, 77, 210, 320–321, 473 North Atlantic Council (NAC), 321 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), xl, 18, 34, 35, 49, 50, 51, 53, 100, 113, 150, 164, 166, 169, 179, 190, 321–322, 341, 342, 344, 349, 377, 403, 430, 436, 443–444, 456, 457, 462–471 Northern Alliance, Northern Expedition, 272 Northern Ireland, 220 North Korea, 76, 100, 103–104, 232, 243–244, 247–248, 249, 334, 411, 442, 443 North Vietnam, 103–104, 191, 205, 206, 278, 317, 396, 447–448, 450, 451 Norway, 164 Novotny,´ Antonín, 346 nuclear disarmament, 120–122 nuclear energy, xxxiv Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NNPT), 35, 120, 214, 248 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 238 nuclear weapons, xl, 18, 101, 109–110, 120–122, 203, 248, 322, 367, 369 Nujomo, Sam, 303 Numeiri, Jaafar, 322–323, 407, 428 Nunavut Territory, Canada, 77, 323–324 Nuñez, Carlos, 383 Nyasaland, 54 Nyerere, Julius Kambarage, 170, 282, 324, 435 O Obasanjo, Olusegun, 314 Obote, Apollo Milton, 433, 434 Obregón, Alvaro, 290 Ưcalan, Abdullah, 253, 418, 430 Occupied Territories, 25, 26, 29, 30, 332, 333, 358 Ochuka, Hezekiah, 239 O’Connor, Sandra Day, 361 October War, 206 Odumegwu-Ojukwu, Chukwuemeka, 64 Odumegwu-Ojukwu, Emeka, 314 Office of Minority Business Enterprise, 316 Official Languages Act, 77, 354 Ogoni, 314 Ohrid Peace Accords, 51 oil industry, xxxi, xxxvi, xxxviii, xlii, 9, 17, 23, 32, 40, 64, 74, 75, 111, 147, 209, 219, 241, 255, 260, 262, 263, 295, 315, 327–328, 362, 374, 377, 384, 437, 467 Oil Supply and Demand, M183 Ojukwu, Odemugwu, 314 Index Okalik, Paul, 323 Okello, Bazilio, 435 Okello, Tito, 435 Oklahoma City, terrorist bombing in, 418, 462 Okuma Shigenobu, 267 Oliveira Salazar, António de, 343 Olmert, Ehud, 23, 213 Olympic Games, 2, 34, 37, 38, 91, 195, 229, 325–327, 332, 393, 410, 414 Olympio, Sylvanus, 425 Omar, Mullah, 236, 418 “Omega Point,” 415 Ometo, 142 ONE, Inc., 164 Open Housing Act, 178 Operaio, Potere, 108 Operation Abolition (1960), 154 Operation Alba, 51 Operational Command for the Restoration of Security and Order (Kopkamtib), 206 Operation Anvil, 239 Operation Bojinka, 462 Operation Desert Claw, 215 Operation Desert Sabre, 185 Operation Desert Shield, 184 Operation Desert Storm, 185 Operation Enduring Freedom, 464 Operation Gibraltar, 48, 207 Operation Greenhouse, 34 Operation Iraqi Freedom, 185 Operation Just Cause, 320 Operation Pantomime, 157 Operation “Vittles,” 59 “Operation Wetback,” 70 Operation Whirlwind, 197 opium, 3, 123, 124 Opium War, 194 Opletal, Jan, 129 Orange Revolution, 436 Orazov, Hudaiberdi, 86 Order of the Chrysanthemum, 362 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 136 Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), 286 Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 33, 83 Organization of African Unity (OAU), 4, 5, 291, 314, 318, 324, 353, 434 Organization of American States (OAS), 106, 328–329, 385 Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), 327 Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), 221 Organization of Latin American Solidarity (OLAS), 259 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 71, 101, 184, 327–328, 384, 422, 437 495 Oriental Orthodox Church, 133 Oromo, 142 Ortega, Daniel, 311, 312, 383 Ortega, Humberto, 383 Orthodox Church, 51, 435, 437 Orthodox Party, 80 Orwell, George, 99 Osaka Action Agenda, 43 Oslo Accords, 22, 28, 30, 212, 223, 332, 358 Osman Daar, Aden Abdullah, 392 Ospina Pérez, Mariano, 103, 157 Oswald, Lee Harvey, 238–239 Otan Party, 82 Otto, Kristin, 326 Ottoman Empire, 112, 140, 184, 253, 263 Oufkir, Mohammad, 294 Outer Space Treaty, 102 Overseas Workers Association, 191 Ovett, Steve, 326 Owens, Jesse, 326 Özal, Turgut, 430, 431 P Pahlavi See Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Pakistan, xlii, 1, 2, 49, 56, 61, 62–64, 123, 180, 201, 203, 222, 240–241, 296, 297, 307, 390, 412, 413–414, 446, 465, 475–476 Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), 47, 48, 62, 63, 331–332, 465 Palach, Jan, 130, 190 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 42, 211, 212, 215, 223, 233, 264, 305, 332–333, 418 Palestinian-Israeli-Arab peace negotiations, 20–23 Palestinian populations, 20–23, 189, 211– 213, 223, 233, 264 Palmach, 358 Pan African Congress, 240, 318, 324 Pan African Freedom Movement, 281 pan-Africanism, 5, 55, 170, 313 Panama, 318–320, 426 Panama Canal, 404, 426, 440 Pan-American Union, 80, 328 Pan-Arabism, 48, 55, 233, 353, 438 Panchen Lama, 115, 423 Panchen Rimpoche, 115 Panhellenic Liberation Movement, 179 panic of 1857, 108 Papadopoulos, Georgios, 179 Papandreou, Andreas, 179 Papandreou, George, 178, 179 papermaking, 137 Papuan Customary Council Assembly, 124 Papua New Guinea (PNG), 43, 124 Paris Peace Accords, 232, 449 Paris Peace Agreements, 205, 335