1278 Index sibben 526 Siberia climate and geography 249 migration and population movements 720 Sibylline Books 860 Sicily agriculture 43 climate and geography 263 sickles agriculture 22, 39 economy 360 Siddhartha Gautama See Buddha “sidelock of youth” 189 sidewalks 1119 sieges military 729 war and conquest 1128, 1138, 1150 Sierra Madre 266 signaling 591 signified and signifier 1184, 1185 Silenus 334f silk adornment art 103 clothing and footwear 277, 278, 281 inventions 598–599, 599f textiles and needlework 1078–1079, 1082 Silk Road climate and geography 246, 249 economy 357 employment and labor 429 foreigners and barbarians 486 natural disasters 779 roads and bridges 886– 887 trade and exchange 1099– 1100 Silla 405, 406 silos 1062–1065, 1069 silt, alluvial 21 silver adornment 14 art 93, 96, 118 crafts 286 empires and dynasties 389 metallurgy 679 mining, quarrying, and salt making 741 money and coinage 754, 756f, 758 science 949 silver age 664 Simon of Cyrene 273 Sinai peninsula 242 sinan 598 singing drama and theater 328 music and musical instruments 763 nomadic and pastoral societies 795 Sinhalese kingdom 1101 Sinuhe 437–438 Sipán, Peru 14 Sirius astronomy 124 calendars and clocks 165 seafaring and navigation 956 sistra 287 sistrums 764 situlae 565 Siwa Oasis 242 Six Dynasties (China) ceramics and pottery 180 empires and dynasties 387, 405 scandals and corruption 912 Sixth Dynasty (Egypt) art 94 children 189, 190 exploration 437 foreigners and barbarians 485 Skanda 1139f Skandagupta (king of India) 403 Skara Brae building techniques and materials 157 towns and villages 1091 skene 334 Skeptics 943 skilled workers employment and labor 429, 430 occupations 811 skin 548 Skírnismál 333–334 skirts 272, 274, 276, 277 skis 1116 sky 837, 845 skyphoi 183 slash-and-burn cultivation agriculture 34 inventions 605 slate 742 slave revolts economy 369 social organization 1036 slaves and slavery 985–998, 992f Africa 985–986 agriculture 38, 41, 43 Americas 994–995 Asia and the Pacific 988– 990, 996–997 building techniques and materials 153 children 191–194 clothing and footwear 274, 281 crafts 293 economy 349, 364 education 382 Egypt 986–987 employment and labor 425, 428, 432, 433 Europe 990–991 family 449, 451 gender structures and roles 502 Greece 991–993, 997–998 hunting, fishing, and gathering 581 laws and legal codes 631 Middle East 987–988, 995–996 migration and population movements 717 mining, quarrying, and salt making 749 Rome 993–994 social organization 1028, 1030, 1031, 1035–1036, 1038 sports and recreation 1055 trade and exchange 1106 war and conquest 1152 slave trade 990 sledges 1113, 1115 sleeping sickness See trypanosomiasis slingers 382 slings war and conquest 1134 weaponry and armor 1161, 1162, 1171 sluicing 749 smallpox health and disease 548 pandemics and epidemics 819, 820, 824 smelting process metallurgy 679–681, 685 mining, quarrying, and salt making 741 smokehouses 555–556 smoking (food storage) 1061, 1065, 1068 snares 579 Snefru (king of Egypt) architecture 57 building techniques and materials 153 climate and geography 239 literature 644 migration and population movements 694 seafaring and navigation 953 Sobeknefru (king of Egypt) 393, 394 social collapse and abandonment 998–1009 Africa 999–1000 Americas 1008–1009 Asia and the Pacific 1002– 1004 Egypt 1000–1001 Europe 1004–1005 Greece 1005–1006 Middle East 1001–1002 Rome 1006–1008 social complexity 35 social mobility 1015–1017, 1021, 1025–1026 social organization 1010– 1046 See also gender structures and roles Africa 1010–1014, 1043– 1044 Americas 1039–1043 Asia and the Pacific 1023– 1027, 1045–1046 Egypt 1014–1018 Europe 1027–1031 Greece 1031–1035 Middle East 1018–1023 Rome 1035–1039 social status xxviii children 197 clothing and footwear 279, 282, 284 crime and punishment 296, 297, 299, 300, 304 death and burial practices 319, 320, 322 economy 358 family 448, 457 gender structures and roles 501 science 942 social organization 1042– 1043 societies, secret 622 Socrates agriculture 36 crafts 292 literature 660 religion and cosmology 857 resistance and dissent 878, 878f sod 158 soil 34, 36 Sokar 464 solar calendar 168, 173 solar radiation 237 solar year inventions 594, 604 science 928 soldiers See also armies clothing and footwear 273, 274, 276 economy 368, 370 foreigners and barbarians 485