768 Index pesticides/pest control (continued) formulations 5:693 fungicides inorganic fungicides 5:694–695 organic fungicides 5:695 herbicides aliphatic acids 5:696 benzonitriles 5:697 bipyridiliums 5:696, 5:699T carbamates 5:696 dinitroanilines 5:696 diphenyl ethers 5:696 general discussion 5:695–696 heterocyclic nitrogens 5:696 inorganic herbicides 5:695–696, 5:699T organic arsenicals 5:696 organic herbicides 5:696 phenol derivatives 5:696–697 phenoxyaliphatic acids 5:696 substituted amides 5:696 substituted ureas 5:696 thiocarbamates 5:696 triazines 5:696, 5:699T insecticides inorganic insecticides 5:693 organic insecticides 5:693 organic fungicides acylalanines 5:695 2-aminopyrimidines 5:695 benefits 5:695 benzimidazoles 5:695 dicarboximides 5:695 dinitrophenols 5:695, 5:699T dithiocarbamates 5:695, 5:699T ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors (EBIs) 5:695 organometallics 5:695 organophosphates 5:695 oxathiins 5:695 phenylamide 5:695 phthalamides 5:695 pyrimidines 5:695 quinones 5:695 substituted aromatics 5:695 systemic compounds 5:695 thiophantes 5:695 triazines 5:695 organic insecticides antibiotics 5:694 botanicals 5:693 carbamates 5:694, 5:699T, 5:700T dinitrophenols 5:694 formamidines 5:694 fumigants 5:694 insect growth regulators 5:694 microbials 5:694 new insecticides 5:694 organochlorines 5:693, 5:699T, 5:700T organophosphates 5:693–694, 5:699T, 5:700T organotins 5:694 petroleum oils 5:694 pyrethroids 5:694, 5:699T semiochemicals 5:694 pesticide types 5:693 type of pest 5:692, 5:692T ecotoxicology aquatic systems 5:701 avian impacts 5:701 ecotoxicological studies 3:118–119 farm-scale observations 5:700–701, 5:700T pesticide management 5:699–701, 5:701 top-ranked pesticides 5:700T toxicity classes 5:699T vertebrates 5:699T efficiency and applications bioavailability 5:697 delivery formulations 5:697–698 obstacle deposition 5:699 soil treatments 5:697–698 spray applications 5:698–699, 5:698T utilization efficiency 5:697, 5:697T environmental impacts 3:166, 3:282, 3:575–576, 6:155 government regulation 4:90–91 habitat degradation 3:406 herbicides biodiversity effects 4:91–92 characteristics and classifications 4:89, 4:90T environmental fate 4:89–90 government regulation 4:90–91 toxicity 4:91T historical perspective 5:692 intercropping biological pest control 2:391 genetic diversity effects 2:391–392 push–pull strategies 2:391 species diversity effects 2:392 moths 5:402–403 Near East ecosystems 5:473–475 parasite use 5:673 river ecosystems 6:481T, 6:482 terrestrial invertebrates 3:221–222 Petalomonas 6:293 Petaurus breviceps 4:689 petrels 1:617 Petrochromis 1:25F Petrogale burbidgei 4:688–689 Petrogale spp 6:333 Petroica macrocephala 7:189 Petroica traversi 5:369, 7:189 petroleum oils 5:694 petroleum products biodiversity impacts 3:253–256, 3:255T, 4:145 world energy use 3:251F, 3:252T Petrolisthes spp 5:33 Petromyzon marinus 4:363 Petrosaviaceae 6:315T Petroselinum sativum 2:662–663 Petrotilapia 1:25F pe tsai 2:663 pet trade 6:254–255 Peucaea aestivalis 7:183–184 Peumus 5:621F Pezophaps 1:606 Pfiesteria piscicida 1:96, 2:531 Phacelia 5:215 Phacochoerus aethiopicus 4:696 Phacochoerus africanus 1:52 Phaeocystis 1:474–475, 6:30 Phaeocystis antarctica 6:349–350 phaeohyphomycosis 3:634T Phaeophyceae 3:571T, 6:10T Phaethon lepturus 7:185 phagocytosis 5:305 phagotrophic protists 5:306 phalanger 4:687T, 4:701T Phalangioidea 1:209–210 Phalangium opilio 1:210 Phalangodidae 1:210–211 Phalangopsinae 3:730 Phalaris arundinacea 4:366, 6:457 phallotoxins 3:635T Phanerochaete chrysosporium 3:639 Phaneropterinae 3:726–727 Phanerozoic Eon Cambrian explosion 3:683, 3:684F fossil record 1:411F, 1:412F, 1:491, 3:419F marine diversity timeline 1:492F, 3:419F mass extinctions 1:412–413, 1:413F, 1:493, 1:493F, 1:494F, 1:494T, 3:416T, 3:419F neoproterozoic animals 3:682–683 originations 1:495, 1:495F, 3:425F periodicity 3:424F taxa diversity 1:411F, 1:412, 1:412F phantom crane flies 3:489–491T phantom midges 3:489–491T, 4:374F, 6:26 pharmaceuticals biodiversity 5:703–715 characteristics marine organisms 5:711 microbial products 5:710–711 terrestrial animals 5:711 terrestrial plants 5:711–713, 5:712T ethical perspectives bilateral research agreements 5:714 citizens’ rights 5:715 Convention on Biological Diversity (1930) 5:713–714 indigenous intellectual property rights 5:714–715 sick and afflicted populations 5:715 evolutionary perspective 5:703–705 general discussion 5:703 historical perspective ancient and early research 5:705 herbals and medicinal plants 5:705–706 modern drug discovery approaches bioassays 5:707–708 isolation techniques 5:708 research background 5:706–707 structural determination methods 5:708 vouchering 5:707 rational screens characteristics 5:708–709 ecological screens 5:709–710 ethnobotanical screens 5:710 phylogenetic screens 5:709 random screens 5:709