720 Index law of requisite variety 2:155–156 Laysan finches 1:29F Lazarus species 5:164–165, 5:436 Leaders in Environmental Action for the Future (LEAF) program 7:253 leaf beetles 1:327T, 1:328 leaf-cutting ants 4:181 leaf feeders 7:266F, 7:267T leaf-footed bugs 7:294 leaf grasshoppers 3:735–736 leafhoppers 1:120 leaf-litter ants 1:612, 1:613F leaf-litter skinks 3:144–145 leafminer flies 3:489–491T, 3:492 leaf miners 1:328, 5:385–386, 5:392–394, 6:40–41 leaf monkeys 4:692, 5:14 leaf-rolling crickets 3:732 leaf toughness 2:428 leafy spurge 1:76 learning opportunities 3:133–141 college and university programs 3:140 environmental education 3:136, 3:136 government-based initiatives 3:133 informal education experiences biodiversity experiences and resources Earthwatch Institute 3:138 National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) 3:138–139 nonprofit environmental groups 3:139 online resources 3:139 resources 3:138 botanical gardens 3:138 museums 3:138 resources 3:136–137 youth-serving groups 3:137, 3:137 zoos 3:137–138 K–12 education diversity of life concepts 3:134 formal science education 3:135–136 grades 3–5 3:134 grades 6–8 3:134–135 grades 9–12 3:135 grades K–2 3:133–134 Project 2061 3:133–134 public awareness surveys 3:139–140 research summary 3:140–141 systematics research and training 3:140 Lear’s macaw 7:187 least-cost path analysis 4:509F, 4:512 leatherback sea turtles 2:9F, 3:217, 3:218, 3:256 leaves geographic distribution 3:131T global food usage 3:130T Lebanon animal species 1:261T botanical gardens 6:507T ecosystems threatened species 1:278T vegetation types and coverage percentage 1:264–265T plant species 1:259T Lebellus de re Herbaria Nova 5:705 Lecanicephalidea 7:439–440T, 7:456–457F, 7:458 Lecanora tartarea 1:591 Lechenaultia 5:221 Lecithoepitheliata 7:439–440T, 7:441F, 7:442–443F, 7:443 Lecythidaceae 6:316T Ledum 3:76F Leea 5:622F leeches 1:359, 4:371T, 4:374F leeks intercropping patterns 2:383 native crops 2:662–663 legumes intercropping systems 2:389–390 nitrogen fixation 1:560–561, 1:562F Leguminosae 1:266–267, 3:129T, 3:130T, 6:313–318, 6:316T Leidy’s comb jelly 3:284 Leiobunum spp 1:210 Leiognathus dussumieri 3:478F Leiopleura 1:329 leishmaniasis 5:671T Leiurus spp 1:208 lemmings migratory patterns 5:313–314 tundra ecosystems 6:330–331 Lemmus sibiricus 1:232 Lemmus spp 6:331 Lemuridae 6:250–252, 6:251T lemurs 4:690T, 4:692–693, 6:250–252, 6:251T lenacil 5:696 Lennoaceae 4:72F, 4:73 Lens culinaris 2:662–663 Lentibulariaceae 6:44T lentils native crops 2:662–663 Neolithic agriculture 2:658 regional cultivars 3:32F Lentinula edodes 3:637T, 3:638 Leonard (Lake) 1:276T Leontopiihecus rosalia 3:196 Leontopithecus caissara 6:256–258T Leontopithecus chrysomelas 6:256–258T Leontopithecus chrysopygus 6:256–258T Leontopithecus rosalia 2:273, 4:247F, 6:256–258T, 6:560 Leontopodium alpinum 1:154 leopard cat 1:517 leopard frog 1:10T, 6:153F leopard lizards 6:406 leopards 1:686, 1:709, 4:693, 5:472, 5:603 leopard seals 5:90 Leopold, Aldo 1:112, 2:285, 3:99, 4:121, 4:652–653, 6:77–78, 6:473–474, 7:403–405 Leopoldinia piassaba 1:163 Leopoldinia pulchra 1:163 Lepanthes 6:316T Lepeophtheirus salmonis 2:532 Lepes europaeus 1:80 Lepidochelys kempii 3:217, 3:256 Lepidodactylus 1:591 Lepidoptera attraction to light 5:400–401, 5:401F biogeography 5:389–390, 5:389T celestial navigation 5:400–401 characteristics 4:392, 4:393F, 5:384–385 chemical defense 5:396–397, 5:397F classifications Ditrysia 5:386–389, 5:386F Glossata 5:385–386, 5:386F Neolepidoptera 5:386, 5:386F phylogenetic relationships 5:385, 5:386F suborders 5:385, 5:386F, 5:387–388T coloration 5:400–401 conservation programs 5:402–403 defense mechanisms 5:391F, 5:392F, 5:396–397, 5:396F dispersal and migration 5:397 diurnality and nocturnality 5:400–401 feeding behaviors 1:328–329 feeding biology adults 5:394–395, 5:395F larvae 5:392–394 fossil record 5:389 grazing effects 1:709–710 importance 5:401–402 insecticide resistance 4:298–299 key adaptations 5:397–398, 5:398F life history cocoons 5:391–392 diapause/quiescence 5:392 eggs 5:390 hypermetamorphosis 5:391 larvae 5:388F, 5:390–391 pupa stage 5:391–392, 5:393F major divisions and characteristics 4:308–312, 4:309T natural enemies 5:395–396 number of species 4:371T, 4:392T pheromones 5:398–400, 5:399F, 5:400F pollination 6:141–142, 6:141T quantity estimates 1:326–328 Southeast Asia 1:514–515 species declines 5:402–403 species diversity 5:387–388T, 5:389–390, 5:389T Lepidopteris 4:226, 4:227F Lepidosauria characteristics 6:401, 7:340–341 conservation status 6:411 Squamata 6:401–402, 6:406–408, 7:340–341 tuatara characteristics 6:401, 6:406 conservation status 3:216T, 3:217–218, 6:411 historical extinctions 5:367 Lepidotermes 4:409T Lepilemur ankaranensis 6:256–258T Lepilemuridae 6:250–252, 6:251T Lepilemur septentrionalis 6:250, 6:256–258T Lepocreadioidea 7:439–440T, 7:450–451F, 7:453 Lepomis auritus 4:517 Lepomis macrochirus 4:465 Leporidae 2:583F, 4:697, 6:309T leptin 7:31 Leptinotarsa decemlineata 4:307