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Logic as a tool a guide to formal logical reasoning ( PDFDrive ) 312

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288 Logic as a Tool Second method: p F F F F T T T T q F F T T F F T T r F T F T F T F T (p ↔ ¬ q ) F F T F F T F T F F T F T T T T T T T F F T F F ↔ T F F T F T T F r F T F T F T F T DNF: (¬p ∧ ¬q ∧ ¬r ) ∨ (¬p ∧ q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ ¬q ∧ r) ∨ (p ∧ q ∧ ¬r) CNF: (p ∨ q ∨ ¬r) ∧ (p ∨ ¬q ∨ r) ∧ (¬p ∨ q ∨ r) ∧ (¬p ∨ ¬q ∨ ¬r) (e) First method: (¬p ∧ (¬q ↔ p)) → ((q ∧ ¬p) ∨ p) ≡ ¬(¬p ∧ (¬q ↔ p)) ∨ (q ∧ ¬p) ∨ p ≡ p ∨ ¬((¬q → p) ∧ (p → ¬q )) ∨ (q ∧ ¬p) ∨ p ≡ p ∨ ¬((q ∨ p) ∧ (¬p ∨ ¬q )) ∨ (q ∧ ¬p) ≡ p ∨ (¬q ∧ ¬p) ∨ (p ∧ q ) ∨ (q ∧ ¬p) (DNF) ≡ ((p ∨ ¬q ) ∧ (p ∨ ¬p)) ∨ ((p ∨ q ) ∧ (p ∨ ¬p) ∧ (q ∨ q ) ∧ (q ∨ ¬p)) ≡ (p ∨ ¬q ) ∨ ((p ∨ q ) ∧ q ∧ (q ∨ ¬p)) ≡ (p ∨ ¬q ∨ p ∨ q ) ∧ (p ∨ ¬q ∨ q ) ∧ (p ∨ ¬q ∨ q ∨ ¬p) ≡ ¬q ∨ q (CNF) Second method: p F F T T q F T F T (¬p T T F F ∧ F T F T (¬q T F T F ↔ p)) F F T F T T F T → T T T T ((q ∧ ¬p) ∨ p) F F T F F T T T T F F F F T T T F F T T DNF: (¬p ∧ ¬q ) ∨ (¬p ∧ q ) ∨ (p ∧ ¬q ) ∨ (p ∧ q ) CNF: p ∨ ¬p 2.5.5 (a) First, we transform ¬(((p → q ) → q ) → q ) into a CNF: ¬(((p → q ) → q ) → q ) ≡ ((p → q ) → q ) ∧ ¬q ≡ (¬(p → q ) ∨ q ) ∧ ¬q ≡ ((p ∧ ¬q ) ∨ q ) ∧ ¬q ≡ (p ∨ q ) ∧ (¬q ∨ q ) ∧ ¬q ≡ (p ∨ q ) ∧ ¬q

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