Index Nyctea scandiaca 1:236 Nycteribiidae 3:489–491T Nyctibiidae 6:308T Nycticebus javanicus 6:256–258T Nycticorax nycticorax 5:476–477 Nymphaeales 5:618F, 5:621F Nymphalidae 5:387–388T butterfly caterpillars 1:652F geographic diversity latitudinal gradients 1:657, 1:657T, 1:658F neotropics 1:657–658, 1:658T regional patterns 1:658, 1:659T spatiotemporal distributions 1:660F species numbers 1:657T taxonomy 1:651F, 1:652–653 tropical rain forests 6:307T Nymphalinae 1:652F, 1:653 Nymphomyiidae 3:489–491T Nypa 5:11T Nypa fruticans 1:277, 7:272 Nyssa 7:118 Nyssa aquatica 7:397 Nyssa sylvatica 2:26 O oak trees food webs 7:266F Holocene postglacial spread 2:551–552T Mediterranean North Africa 1:47 North America 7:118 phenological shifts 5:723 oak wilt disease 3:633T, 4:363 oarfish 3:466, 3:466F oats 1:462–463, 2:383, 2:662–663, 3:32F, 3:131–132 Oaxaca mud turtle 7:229T Oblea 6:294–295 obligatory parasites 5:657 Obtectomera 5:386F, 5:387–388T oca 2:663–664 Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) 2:3, 2:4F, 2:5F, 2:11F, 5:45 Oceania botanical gardens 6:510T deforestation 1:679T, 2:31F, 2:448T, 2:452T, 2:454T Diptera 3:488T ecosystem-like concepts and applications 6:386–387, 6:387T ecosystems alpine life zone 1:149T conservation status 3:171–173T endangered mammals 3:193–194 first-contact extinctions 5:365–366 fish diversity 3:473, 3:474 indigenous peoples 4:269T, 4:271T land-use trends 4:559F late Quaternary extinction event (LQEE) 4:730–731 logging operations 2:454T mammalian extinctions 4:705T myriapods 5:429, 5:429T natural history museums and institutions 5:406 protected area systems 6:491T, 6:492T, 6:493F, 6:494F, 6:494T regional carbon stocks 1:678F regional cultivars 3:32F threatened birds 7:181 oceanic islands 5:590–599 background information and characteristics 5:590–591, 5:591F biodiversity community characteristics disharmony 5:591–592, 5:592F endemism 5:592, 5:592F, 5:592T relictualism 5:592 species characteristics innovative behaviors 5:593 reduced dispersal capabilities 5:592–593 reproductive changes 5:593 size changes 5:593 ecological dynamics colonization 5:593 community formation processes 5:594–595, 5:596F ecological changes 5:593 evolutionary changes 5:593–594 extinctions 5:594, 5:595–597 species diversification 5:594, 5:595F future research areas realistic evolutionary trajectories 5:597–599 restoration 5:599 taxonomic knowledge 5:597 vacant niche space 5:597 species loss alien species invasion 5:596–597, 5:598F climate change 5:597 extinction rates 5:595–597 small population size 5:597 Oceanites oceanicus 1:601–602 oceans abyssal plains 5:108T acidification 5:33–34 biodiversity 3:443 biological pumps 1:559–560, 1:560F carbon cycle 1:676 chemical contamination 3:282 conservation status 3:171–173T continental shelf 5:108T continental slope 5:108T crustaceans 2:397–399 deep ocean environments 5:108T depth ranges 5:107, 5:107F dinitrogen-fixing (N2-fixing) microorganisms 2:608–625 basic concepts 2:608–610, 2:609F biodiversity dinitrogenase/dinitrogenase reductase 2:610–611 general discussion 2:610–611 metabolic diversity 2:614–615 nif operon 2:610, 2:611F, 2:620F, 2:622F 757 phenotypic and genotypic diversity 2:611–614, 2:612T phylogenetic relationships 2:611F physiological diversity 2:614–615 biogeochemical cycles 1:560–561 emerging patterns changing environmental conditions 2:621–623 environmental modifications 2:619–621 spatiotemporal variability 2:619–621, 2:620F, 2:622F functional role biological carbon (C) pump 2:615–618, 2:616F nutrient cycle linkages 2:618–619 quantification methods 2:615–618, 2:617F Redfield ratio 2:617–618, 2:617F habitat characteristics 2:609F research summary 2:623 ecosystems alien species invasion 4:155–156 characteristics basic organization 5:587F distinguishing characteristics 5:587–588 shared characteristics 5:586–587 global change impacts 5:588–589 historical research 5:582 human impacts ocean toxification 4:155 onshore ocean siltation 4:155 marine sedimentary habitats 5:108T natural functioning units biome concept 5:583 challenges 5:582–583 coastal upwelling 5:584T, 5:585T, 5:586, 5:586T Eastern Boundary Current 5:584T, 5:585T, 5:586, 5:586T ecosystem concept 5:583–586, 5:584T, 5:585T, 5:586T equatorial upwelling 5:583–586, 5:584T, 5:585T, 5:586T low-latitutde gyre 5:583, 5:584T, 5:585T, 5:586T Southern Ocean 5:583, 5:584T, 5:585T, 5:586T subarctic gyre 5:584T, 5:585T, 5:586, 5:586T onshore ocean siltation 4:155 toxification 4:155 elemental distribution 1:561 El Nin˜o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events nutrient level shifts 3:160 ocean current shifts 3:159–160 fish species biodiversity issues 3:443 ocean fishing bycatch 3:446, 3:446, 3:447 commodity versus wildlife issue 3:445 economic losses 3:446–447 government subsidies 3:446–447