710 Index Io fluviatilis 3:185F ioxynil 5:697 IPAT equation 4:158–159 ipecac 5:712T Ipomoea batatas 2:663–664, 4:287–290, 4:289T, 6:553 Ipomoea fistulosa 1:165 Ipomoea pes-caprae 1:55, 1:277, 5:711–713 ipratropium 5:712T iprodione 5:695 Iran animal species 1:261T botanical gardens 6:507T ecosystems mangroves 1:275T threatened species 1:278T vegetation types and coverage percentage 1:264–265T fish diversity 3:473 nitrogen deposition 5:526T plant species 1:259T wheat production 1:87–88 Iranian (subalpine) desert 1:262–263T Irano–Anatolian region 6:82T Iraq animal species 1:261T botanical gardens 6:519 ecosystems threatened species 1:278T vegetation types and coverage percentage 1:264–265T energy efficiency measures 3:254F plant species 1:259T Ireland botanical gardens 6:519 nitrogen deposition 5:529F vegetation surveys 3:341–344T Iridaceae 1:486T, 6:315T Iridaea boryana 5:59F iridium concentrations 5:174–175 Iridomyrmex humilis 3:208–209 Iridoviridae 5:134T, 5:135 Iris brevifolia 4:168 Iris fulva 4:168 Iris hexagona 4:168 Iris nelsonii 4:168 iron (Fe) biogeochemical cycles 1:558–559, 1:563, 2:617F, 2:618–619 carbon cycle management 1:681 dinitrogen-fixing (N2-fixing) microorganisms 2:617F, 2:618–619 elemental partitioning 1:554T hydrothermal vent ecosystems 7:328 inorganic herbicides 5:695–696 intercropping systems 2:390 relative abundance 1:553F river water composition 3:562T Ironomyiidae 3:489–491T ironwood 2:468–469 Irrawaddy Delta 1:276T Irrawaddy dolphin 5:81T Isa textula 5:391F Ischnuridae 1:209 Ischyropsalidoidea 1:210 Ischyropsalis 1:210 Ishmael(Quinn) 4:653 Islam biodiversity conservation 6:564–565 Muslim declaration on nature 3:273 island biogeography 4:395–407 basic concepts 2:348, 4:395, 5:511–512 biodiversity dynamics modeling 5:326–327 biodiversity-rich countries 1:499–500 birds colonization 1:617–618, 1:618F evolutionary development 1:618–619 flightless birds 1:605–606 fragmentation–extinction rate relationship 1:619–620 human colonization impacts 1:621–622 introduced species 1:620 species–area relationships 1:618F, 1:619 deterministic stability 7:7–8, 7:8F domesticated ruminants 1:702 ecological perspectives 3:5 endangered reptiles 3:217–218, 3:217 endemism 3:233, 5:592T environmental degradation 6:83 experimental sampling design horizontal approach 4:406 transect approach 4:405–406, 4:405F vertical approach 4:406 geobotanical research 4:395, 4:396T historical perspective 5:511–512 invasive species impacts and distribution 3:217–218, 3:410–411, 3:410F, 4:155, 4:359, 6:83 Lantana camara 4:352–353, 4:353F predation effects 6:240–241 island–mainland differences model 6:645–646 living dead 6:81 MacArthur–Wilson equilibrium theory 1:583–585, 2:239, 2:239F, 3:5, 4:395–396, 4:396F mammalian evolution 4:699 myriapods 5:429 oceanic islands 5:590–599 background information and characteristics 5:590–591, 5:591F community characteristics disharmony 5:591–592, 5:592F endemism 5:592, 5:592F, 5:592T relictualism 5:592 ecological dynamics colonization 5:593 community formation processes 5:594–595, 5:596F ecological changes 5:593 evolutionary changes 5:593–594 extinctions 5:594, 5:595–597 species diversification 5:594, 5:595F future research areas realistic evolutionary trajectories 5:597–599 restoration 5:599 taxonomic knowledge 5:597 vacant niche space 5:597 species characteristics innovative behaviors 5:593 reduced dispersal capabilities 5:592–593 reproductive changes 5:593 size changes 5:593 species loss alien species invasion 5:596–597, 5:598F climate change 5:597 extinction rates 5:595–597 small population size 5:597 PABITRA (Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect) initiative 4:406–407, 4:406F protected area systems 6:493–494 scaling laws spatial scales 4:395 timescales 4:395 species–area relationships (SARs) 6:645–646 taxonomic versus functional diversity 2:652F, 2:655, 2:655T theoretical perspectives biome theory 4:396–397, 4:397F MacArthur–Wilson equilibrium theory 1:583–585, 4:395–396, 4:396F succession/regression theory 4:397–398, 4:398F threatened birds 7:181 tropical rain forests 6:314T vegetation analysis data analysis dendograph approach 4:403F, 4:404F, 4:405 Hawaii Volcanoes National Park 4:402F, 4:403–405, 4:404F, 4:405F improved display methods 4:404F, 4:405, 4:405F two-way table approach 4:402T, 4:404F, 4:405 floristic checklist methods 4:399 quantitative sampling methods challenges 4:400 count-plot method 4:400, 4:401–403 distance methods 4:400–401, 4:401–403 point-centered quarter method 4:401 sample plot size 4:401F, 4:403 wandering quarter method 4:401 releve´ sampling method basic concepts 4:399 cluster analysis 4:403F, 4:404F predefinied strata 4:399 size determinations 4:399, 4:400F species determinations 4:399 species quantity estimations 4:399–400 sampling methods general discussion 4:399 quantitative methods 4:400 releve´ method 4:399 island cotton 2:663–664 island ecosystems background information and characteristics 5:590–591 oceanic islands 5:590–599