848 Index wildlife management (continued) management strategies applied techniques behavioral techniques 7:406–407 biological controls 7:407 direct population control 7:407 habitat manipulation 7:406–407 immunization 7:407 mechanical techniques 7:406 characteristics 7:406–407 population assessments 7:407 maximum sustainable yield (MSY) 7:403–405, 7:404F private conservation areas 2:297T protected area systems 2:239–241 tourism industry 7:223 translocations 7:236–240 background information 7:236 ethical concerns 7:239 managed relocations 7:238 motivations 7:237–238 research summary 7:239–240 risks and costs 7:238–239, 7:239F success assessments 7:238 traditional conservation practices 7:236–237 umbrella species 3:197–198, 7:406 wild parsnip 2:139, 2:143 wild pigs mangrove ecosystems 5:14 oil-palm plantations 1:517 wild radish 2:720 Wild Rivers Act (Australia) 6:497 wild species climate change effects 2:79–99 climate models dynamical downscaling techniques 2:89–90 general circulation models (GCMs) 2:88 regional predictions 2:88–89 statistical downscaling techniques 2:89 validation methods 2:88 current trends 2:83–84 ecological models animal responses 2:92–94, 2:93F bottom-up approaches 2:66–68, 2:90 combined approaches 2:68, 2:90–91 community ecology 2:94 extinction probability 2:94–95 future climate projections 2:90 refined approaches 2:91 strategic cyclical scaling approach 2:68–69, 2:91 three-way linkages 2:94 top-down approaches 2:66, 2:90 vegetation responses 2:91–92 ecological responses abundance shifts 2:85 distribution shifts 2:85 extinction rates 2:86–87, 4:664 fish 3:449–450 phenological shifts 2:85–86 physical changes 2:86 extreme events 2:84–85 future research areas applications-driven climatic research 2:96 ecological impact assessments 2:95 ecosystem adaptability 2:95–96 multiscale interactive analysis 2:96 historical perspective 2:82–83 importance 2:80–81 joint atribution theory 2:87 meta-analyses 2:87 synergistic effects 2:81–82 importance 2:79–80 major threats exotic species invasions 2:80 habitat change 2:80 nutrient loading 2:80 overharvesting/overexploitation 2:80 pollution 2:80 seed banks 3:644 wild sunflowers 6:626–627 wildwood vegetation 4:569, 4:572–574 wild yaks 3:191, 3:373 Wilkesia 1:30–32, 1:30F Willamette Basin 6:265–266, 6:266F, 6:268F Williamonia 5:618F Williamsoniella 5:618F Williamsoniella 5:616 willows biofuel crop production 1:529T, 1:531–532 boreal forests 1:628–630, 1:630T energy use impacts 3:258 geographical variation 1:613–614 medicinal properties 1:359 willow tits 1:611–612 Wilson, Edward O 1:583–585, 2:539–540, 3:5, 4:123, 6:563–564 Wilson’s petrel 1:601–602 wilts 3:633T wind soil erosion 6:591 wind farms 5:466 Windermere (Lake) 4:461T Windhausenia 4:727T window flies 3:489–491T wind pollination 6:141T wind power 3:253T, 3:262, 3:265T wind spiders 1:213, 1:213F windstorms 2:562–563 wine cap mushrooms 3:637T wine making 2:300, 3:638 winged beans 3:32F Winged Migration (2001) 4:654 wingless desert grasshoppers 3:735–736 Winteraceae 3:522T, 5:618F Winterales 5:621F winter crane flies 3:489–491T winter mushrooms 3:637T winter wheat 1:462–463 Wisconsin 3:521T wisent 3:196 witchweeds 4:76–77, 4:362, 5:673 within-habitat diversity 6:534 within-phenotype niche width (WPNW) 2:140 Wiwaxia 5:382 Wobern Abbey experimental garden 4:585F Woese, Carl 5:631–632 Wolbachia 4:179, 5:395–396, 5:678–679 wolffish 3:467–471 wolftrap anglerfish 3:475F Wollemia 2:47 Wolong Nature Reserve 3:374 wolverines adipose tissue 7:27, 7:34F boreal forests 1:631–632 wolves conservation practices 7:229T dispersal biogeography 2:546–547 ecosystem engineers 4:201 ecosystem/landscape conservation 7:405–406 genetic diversity 2:268, 2:269F habitat selection 4:64 late Quaternary extinction event (LQEE) 4:724–725T Near East ecosystems 5:472, 5:475 predation effects 6:236–237, 6:238F, 7:259–260, 7:260F prey–predator interactions 1:709 reintroduction programs 3:196 social behavior 6:573 species diversity 1:685, 4:693 tourism industry 7:223 trophic cascades 7:259, 7:260F urbanization threats 4:564 wombats 4:363–364, 4:687T, 4:689 Wombling analysis 4:511 WOMBSOFT (software program) 4:511 Wonambi 4:727–728 Wonambi naracoortensis 5:364F wood carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions 3:265T energy use impacts 3:262–263, 3:263T, 3:264T land requirements 3:265T world energy reserves 3:265T world energy use 3:251F, 3:252T, 3:253T wood ash 6:555 woodchucks 7:36 wood ear mushrooms 3:637T wood frog 6:153F wood gnats 3:489–491T woodlands African savannas 1:66F, 1:67–68 Australia 1:292–297, 1:294T biodiversity change scenarios 4:6F conservation status 3:171–173T current global land cover 4:557F ecosystem services 1:334T global agriculture impacts 3:428T global biodiversity trends 4:563F habitat–bird species diversity relationship 1:613 historic land-use patterns 4:572–574, 4:573F, 4:574F land-use trends 4:559F nitrogen deposition 5:526T pre-agriculture land cover 4:557F, 4:558F, 4:566F