658 Index botanical gardens 6:519 vegetation surveys 3:341–344T 17b-estradiol 3:118 Estrilda astrild 1:83 estrogens 3:118 estuarine ecosystems 3:297–308 biodiversity characteristics 3:299–300 ecological functions biogeochemical cycles 3:301 biological properties 3:301 chemical modifications 3:301 climate variations 3:302 ecosystem modifications 3:301 exchange of materials 3:301 extreme events 3:302 freshwater delivery 3:301 general discussion 3:300–301 physico–chemical properties 3:301 sea level changes 3:302 suspended matter 3:301 temperature changes 3:302 transport changes 3:301 wind 3:302 fish 3:299–300 characteristics and distribution 3:297–298 Chesapeake Bay case study 3:303–306, 3:304F, 3:305F, 3:306F classifications 3:298–299 climate change effects 6:150–151 eutrophication aquatic vascular plants 3:360–361 contaminant–stress relationship 5:29–30 high nutrient, low growth (HNLG) concept 5:26–27, 5:26T, 5:27F macroalgae 3:358–359 macrophytes 3:360–361 microfauna 3:363–364, 3:363F nutrient ratio changes 5:28–29, 5:28T, 5:29F functional role 3:297–298 future challenges 3:306–307 habitat loss and degradation 7:371T marine ecosystems 5:45 marine sedimentary habitats 5:108T nitrogen cycle impacts 5:543 salt water plants 6:77 ESValue software 5:358 ethanol production biofuel crop production 1:529T, 1:530, 1:543–547, 1:544F carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions 4:295F croplands and pasturelands 1:542–543, 1:542F land-use change carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions 4:539–554 Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model 4:539–540 consumption-side structure 4:540F economic and environmental impacts 4:540–544 emission factors 4:548–549 estimated emissions 4:549–550, 4:549T final analysis 4:551–552, 4:551T land cover and land-use activities 4:542F livestock production structure 4:542F, 4:543F, 4:543T marginal and average estimated emissions (first simulated group) 4:550, 4:550T marginal and average estimated emissions (second simulated group) 4:550–551, 4:550T marginal and average estimated emissions (third simulated group) 4:551, 4:551T modeling process 4:539–540 production-side structure 4:541F productivity measures 4:540–544 research limitations 4:553 research summary 4:552–553 simulation models 4:544–545 2001 simulation model 4:544–545, 4:544T, 4:545T 2001–2006 simulation model 4:545–547, 4:546T, 4:547T 2006–2015 simulation model 4:547–548, 4:548T, 4:549T well-to-wheel emissions 4:551–552, 4:552T, 4:553T Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3:638 Etheostoma fonticola 7:58 Ethiopia botanical gardens 6:519 desert ecosystems 2:467–468 fish diversity 3:472–473 grass and shrub savannas 1:67 indigenous peoples 4:270T intercropping systems 2:382–383 Lepidoptera 5:389T wheat production 1:87–88 Ethiopian wolves 3:191 ethirimol 5:695 Ethmodiscus 6:30 ethnobiology 3:319–328 current trends change mechanisms 3:327 cognitive mapping 3:324–325 ethnobiological classification 3:326 internationalization 3:327–328 knowledge variation 3:326–327 research background 3:324–325 resource management and valuation 3:325–326 ritual and spiritual symbolism and practices 3:327 scientific covalidation 3:326 definitions 3:319–320 future research areas 3:328 historical perspective ayurvedic scholars 3:322 Aztec culture 3:322 botanical research 3:322 Chinese scholars 3:321–322 classical Europe 3:320–321 Middle Ages 3:321 Moorish era 3:321 periods and stages 3:325T prehistoric era 3:320–321 Renaissance era 3:322 research areas Clementsian theory 3:324, 3:325T economic botany 3:323 ethnobotany 3:323 ethnoecology 3:323–324 ethnoscience 3:323 pharmacognosy 3:323 theoretical science 3:322–323 ethnobotany 3:323 ethnoecology 3:319–328 definitions 3:319–320, 3:323–324 historical perspective 3:323–324 indigenous peoples traditional agricultural knowledge systems environmental knowledge 1:121 experimental approaches 1:122 farming practices 1:121 folk taxonomies 1:121 multiple cropping systems 1:119–120 research background 1:120–121 ethnoscience 3:323 ethnosphere 3:279 ethylene dibromide 5:694 Etimonotrysia 5:387–388T etiological tales of nature 4:650 eubacteria common ancestry theory 3:397F known and estimated species 4:384T Eubalaena australis 2:587F, 5:76–78 Eubalaena glacialis 3:192, 5:76–78 Eubalaena japonica 5:76–78 EU Biodiversity Observation Network (E-BONE) 4:327 Eucalanus subtenuis 4:385 Eucalyptus 1:279, 1:291–292, 4:360, 5:221, 6:615, 7:125, 7:223 Eucalyptus amygdalina 4:173F Eucalyptus baxteri 4:173F Eucalyptus calophylla 5:220–221 Eucalyptus diversicolor 5:220–221 Eucalyptus gomphocephala 5:220–221 Eucalyptus marginata 5:220–221, 6:440F, 6:458 Eucalyptus oblique 4:173F Eucalyptus patagonica 1:291–292 Eucalyptus regnans 1:302–303 Eucalyptus risdonii 4:173F Eucalyptus spathulata 1:291–292 Eucarida 2:401T Euceratherium 4:724–725T Eucestoda Bothriocephalidea 7:439–440T, 7:456–457F, 7:457 Caryophyllidea 7:439–440T, 7:456–457F, 7:457 Cathetocephalidea 7:439–440T, 7:456–457F, 7:457 Cyclophyllidea 7:439–440T, 7:456–457F, 7:457 Diphyllidea 7:439–440T, 7:456–457F, 7:458 Diphyllobothriidea 7:439–440T, 7:456–457F, 7:458