742 Index monocotyledons Antarctica 1:186T Arctic ecosystems 1:231T edible species 3:129T modern extinctions 5:368T number of species 2:374T phylogenetic relationships 5:618F, 5:621F taxonomic distributions 3:519T, 3:522T monoculture crops 1:359–360 Monodella relicta 5:470–471, 5:470T Monodelphis domestica 6:361T Monodon monoceros 4:693–694, 5:90, 5:314 Monodus 6:33F monogamy 6:573 Monogenea 5:657–658, 5:659T, 5:661F, 5:669–670T, 7:439–440T, 7:446–447, 7:462F monogenean trematode 2:528T Monolistra racovitzae racovitzae 7:58 monomethyl hydrazine 3:635T Monomorium mayri 5:463T Mononchus 7:421F, 7:422–424, 7:429–430 Mononegavirales 5:134T, 5:139 monophenol monooxygenase 5:269T monophyly 2:52–53, 6:683, 7:91–93, 7:92F Monopisthocotylea Capsalidea 7:439–440T, 7:447, 7:448–449F Dactylogyridea 7:439–440T, 7:447, 7:448–449F Gyrodactylidea 7:439–440T, 7:447, 7:448–449F Lagarocotylidea 7:439–440T, 7:447, 7:448–449F Monoplacophora fossil record 3:685F physical characteristics 5:377–378, 5:377F spatiotemporal distributions 5:373–374, 5:374F Monorchioidea 7:439–440T, 7:450–451F, 7:454 Monosiga 6:293, 6:294F monoterpenes 2:427 Monotes glaber 1:68 Monotremata characteristics 3:188, 4:682, 4:686, 7:341 convergent evolution 4:701T phylogenetic relationships 4:686, 5:1F species diversity 4:682F threat percentage 3:195 monounsaturated fatty acids 7:32–33 monsoon forests 1:262–263T, 1:263–266 monsoons 1:258 Monstera 3:522T Montana 3:521T montane ecosystems montane forests 4:432T montane grasslands 6:600–604T tropical Africa 1:53 Montanoceratops 2:519T Montastraea annularis 2:340F Montchadskyella 7:448–449F Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) analysis 4:511 Monteverde cloud forest reserve (Costa Rica) 3:167–168 Monteverde harlequin frog 2:86–87, 4:664 Montreal Protocol (1987) 1:289, 2:152–153, 3:271, 7:18–19 Montrichardia arborescens 1:163 Montrichardia linifolia 1:165 Montserrat 4:560F, 6:519 Moorea 5:591F moorhen 3:365–366 Moorish Idol 3:467–471 moorland 4:577–579, 4:578F, 7:369T Moor macaque 6:256–258T moose boreal forests 1:631–632 late Quaternary extinction event (LQEE) 4:724–725T riparian zones 6:466 wetland ecosystems 7:390 Moraceae 1:263, 3:129T, 3:130T, 3:522T, 6:316T Moraea loubseri 3:206 Moran effect 4:213 Mora oleifera 7:272 Morbillivirus 2:528T Morchella 3:637T, 3:639–640 Morchella esculenta 3:625T Mordellidae 1:327T Morella faya 4:360, 6:121 morel mushrooms 3:625T, 3:628–629, 3:628F, 3:637T, 3:639–640 Morenelaphus 4:727T Morgan, T H 6:3–4 Moringa ovalifolia 1:67 Moringa peregrina 5:485, 5:486 Morisita–Horn index 2:445, 5:208–209 Moritella marinus 6:301 Mormon crickets 3:727 Mormoopidae 6:309T Mormotomyiidae 3:489–491T Morocco botanical gardens 6:519 desert ecosystems 2:469–470 species richness 1:499T wheat production 1:87–88 Morone saxatilis 6:479 Morone saxitilis 5:61 Morphinae 1:652F, 1:653 morphine 1:359, 2:426T, 2:427, 2:432, 5:712T Morpho achilles 1:652F morpholines 5:695 Morula marginalba 4:334–335 Morus bassanus 3:256 Morus misozhygia 1:68 Moschidae 4:696 Moschopsis rosulata 4:106–107 mosquitoes characteristics 3:492 classifications 3:489–491T as disease vectors 1:362–365, 1:364F, 1:365F insecticide resistance 4:301–302 mangrove ecosystems 5:13 number of species 4:371T wetland ecosystems 7:389–391 mosquito fish 3:167, 4:361, 7:390 moss air pollution impacts 1:142F alpine ecosystems 1:153–154, 1:154F Antarctica 1:184T anthropogenic impacts 7:399 Arctic ecosystems 1:231T, 1:239F boreal forests 1:628–630 characteristics 6:59 conservation practices 6:83 forest canopies 3:520, 3:521T freshwater ecosystems 3:571–572 modern extinctions 5:368T North America 5:564–565 number of species 6:58T moss animals 4:381T Motacilla flava 1:710 moth flies 3:489–491T, 3:493 moths 5:384–403 attraction to light 5:400–401, 5:401F biogeography 5:389–390, 5:389T celestial navigation 5:400–401 characteristics 4:392, 5:384–385, 5:385F chemical defense 5:396–397, 5:397F classifications Ditrysia 5:386–389, 5:386F Glossata 5:385–386, 5:386F Neolepidoptera 5:386, 5:386F phylogenetic relationships 5:385, 5:386F suborders 5:385, 5:386F, 5:387–388T coloration 5:400–401 conservation programs 5:402–403 defense mechanisms 5:391F, 5:392F, 5:396–397, 5:396F dispersal and migration 5:397 diurnality and nocturnality 5:400–401 elevational range shifts 4:605T endangered species 3:226 feeding biology adults 5:394–395, 5:395F larvae 5:392–394 food webs 7:266F, 7:267T fossil record 5:389 freshwater ecosystems 3:579–580, 3:579T genetics research 6:3 importance 5:401–402 insecticide resistance 4:298–299 key adaptations 5:397–398, 5:398F latitudinal range shifts 4:604T life history cocoons 5:391–392 diapause/quiescence 5:392 eggs 5:390 hypermetamorphosis 5:391 larvae 5:388F, 5:390–391 pupa stage 5:391–392, 5:393F mangrove ecosystems 5:13 natural enemies 5:395–396 number of species 4:371T, 4:392T phenological shifts 5:722 pheromones 5:398–400, 5:399F, 5:400F pollination 6:141–142, 6:141T population density 6:159F Southeast Asia 1:514–515 species declines 5:402–403