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198 Identifying Conservation Priorities using a Return on Investment Analysis See also: Biodiversity, Human Well-Being, and Markets Biofuels and Biodiversity: The Implications of Energy Sprawl Conserving Biodiversity Outside Protected Areas Convention on Biological Diversity Development by Design: Using a Revisionist History to Guide a Sustainable Future Feeding the World and Protecting Biodiversity Impact of Ecological Restoration on Ecosystem Services Land-Use Issues Loss of Biodiversity, Overview Measuring and Estimating Species Richness, Species Diversity, and Biotic Similarity from Sampling Data Natural Reserves and Preserves Priority Setting for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Restoration of Animal, Plant, and Microbial Diversity Restoration of Biodiversity, Overview Species Distribution Modeling Valuing Ecosystem Services Water Funds: A New Ecosystem Service and Biodiversity Conservation Strategy References Armsworth PR, Cantu-Salazar L, Parnell M, Davies ZG, and Stoneman R (2010) Management costs for small protected areas and economies of scale in habitat conservation Biological Conservation 144: 423–429 Ball IR, Possingham HP, and Watts ME (2009) Marxan and relatives: Software for spatial conservation prioritization In: Moilanen A, Wilson KA, and Possingham HP (eds.) Spatial Conservation Prioritization: Quantitative Methods & Computational Tools, pp 185–210 Oxford: Oxford University Press Balmford A, Gravestock P, Hockley N, McClean CJ, and Roberts CM (2004) The worldwide costs of marine protected areas Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101: 9694–9697 Barlow ACD, Greenwood CJ, Ahmad IU, and Smith JLD (2011) Use of an actionselection framework for human–carnivore conflict in the Bangladesh Sundarbans Conservation Biology 24: 1338–1347 Bode M and Murdoch W (2009) Cost-effective conservation decisions are robust to uncertainty in the species–area relationship Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106: E12 Bode M, Wilson KA, Brooks TM, et al (2008) Cost-effective global conservation spending is robust to taxonomic group Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105: 6498–6501 Bode M and Wintle B (2010) How to build an efficient conservation fence Conservation Biology 24: 182–188 Bottrill MC, Joseph LN, Carwardine J, et al (2009) Finite conservation funds mean triage is unavoidable Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24: 183–184 Bryant R (1998) Nonprofit profit (By integrating conservation and economic development Ecotrust effects an environmental return on investment) Landscape Architecture 88: 52 Burgess ND, D’Amico Hales J, Ricketts TH, and Dinerstein E (2006) Factoring species, non-species values and threats into biodiversity prioritisation across the ecoregions of Africa and its islands Biological Conservation 127: 383–401 Carwardine J, Wilson KA, Ceballos G, et al (2008a) Cost-effective priorities for global mammal conservation Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105: 11446–11450 Carwardine J, Wilson KA, Watts M, Etter A, Klein C, and Possingham HP (2008b) Avoiding costly conservation mistakes: The importance of defining actions and costs in spatial priority setting PLoS One 3: e2586 Costello C and Polasky S (2004) Dynamic reserve site selection Resource and Energy Economics 26: 157–174 Edejer TT, Baltussen R, Adam T, et al (eds.) (2005) Making Choices in Health: WHO Guide to Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Geneva: World Health Organisation Evans MC, Possingham HP, and Wilson KA (2011) What to in the face of multiple threats? 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Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24: 180 Joseph LN, Maloney RF, and Possingham HP (2009) Optimal allocation of resources among threatend species: A project prioritization protocol Conservation Biology 23: 328–338 Kareiva P, Tallis H, Ricketts TH, Daily GC, and Polasky S (eds.) (2011) Natural Capital: Theory and Practice of Mapping Ecosystem Services Oxford: Oxford University Press Klein CJ, Ban NC, Halpern BS, et al (2010) Prioritizing land and sea conservation investments to protect coral reefs PLoS One 5: e12431 Laycock H, Moran D, Smart J, Raffaelli D, and White P (2009) Evaluating the costeffectiveness of conservation: The UK Biodiversity Action Plan Biological Conservation 142: 3120–3127 Lipsett-Moore G, Game ET, Peterson N, et al (2010) Interim National Terrestrial Conservation Assessment for Papua New Guinea: Protecting Biodiversity in a Changing Climate Brisbane, Australia: The Nature Conservancy Margules CR and Pressey RL (2000) Systematic conservation planning Nature 405: 243–253 Moilanen A and Kujala H (2008) Zonation Spatial Conservation Planning Framework and Software V 2.0, User Manual Helsinki: University of Helsinki Moore J, Balmford A, Allnutt TF, and Burgess ND (2004) Integrating costs into conservation planning across Africa Biological Conservation 117: 343–350 Murdoch W, Polasky S, Wilson KA, Possingham HP, Kareiva P, and Shaw R (2007) Maximizing return on investment in conservation Biological Conservation 139: 375–388 Murdoch W, Ranganathan J, Polasky S, and Regetz J (2011) Using return on investment to maximize conservation effectiveness in Argentine grasslands Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107: 20855–20862 Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Da Fonseca GAB, and Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities Nature 403: 853–858 Naidoo R, Balmford A, Ferraro P, Polasky S, Ricketts TH, and Rouget M (2006) Integrating economic costs into conservation planning Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21: 681–687 Naidoo R and Iwamura T (2007) Global-scale mapping of economic benefits from agricultural lands: Implications for conservation priorities Biological Conservation 140: 40–49 O’Connor C, Marvier M, and Kareiva P (2003) Biological vs social, economic and political priority-setting in conservation Ecology Letters 6: 706–711 Smith AB (2010) Caution with curves: Caveats for using the species–area relationship in conservation Biological Conservation 143: 555–564 Tallis H and Polasky S (2009) Mapping and valuing ecosystem services as an approach for conservation and natural-resource management Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1162: 265–283 TNC (2007) Conservation Action Planning Handbook Arlington, VA: The Nature Conservancy Underwood EC, Klausmeyer KR, Morrison SA, Bode M, and Shaw MR (2009) Evaluating conservation spending for species return: A retrospective analysis in California Conservation Letters 2: 130–137 Underwood EC, Shaw MR, Wilson KA, et al (2008) Protecting biodiversity when money matters: Maximizing return on investment PLoS One Wilson KA, McBride MF, Bode M, and Possingham HP (2006) Prioritizing global conservation efforts Nature 440: 337–340 Wilson KA, Underwood EC, Morrison SA, et al (2007) Conserving biodiversity efficiently: What to do, where, and when PLoS Biology 5: 1850–1861

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