Contents xiii Eutrophication and Oligotrophication JoAnn M Burkholder and Patricia M Glibert 347 Evaluation of Ecosystem Service Policies from Biophysical and Social Perspectives: The Case of China Jianguo Liu, Zhiyun Ouyang, Wu Yang, Weihua Xu, and Shuxin Li 372 Evolution in Response to Climate Change Julie R Etterson and Ruth G Shaw 385 Evolution, Theory of Gregory C Mayer and Catherine L Craig 392 Extinction, Causes of Richard B Primack and Rachel A Morrison 401 Extinction in the Fossil Record Jeffrey S Levinton 413 F Feeding the World and Protecting Biodiversity Paul C West, Reinette Biggs, Bruce A McKenney, and Chad Monfreda 426 Fires, Ecological Effects of William John Bond 435 Fish Conservation Carl Safina and Alan Duckworth 443 Fishes, Biodiversity of Gene S Helfman 456 Fish Stocks Rainer Froese and Daniel Pauly 477 Flies, Gnats, and Mosquitoes Brian V Brown 488 Food Webs Gary R Huxel and Gary A Polis 497 Forest Canopies, Animal Diversity Terry L Erwin 511 Forest Canopies, Plant Diversity Nalini M Nadkarni, Mark C Merwin, and Jurgen Nieder 516 Forest Ecology Timothy J Fahey 528 Fossil Record Sean R Connolly and Matthew A Kosnik 537 Framework for Assessment and Monitoring of Biodiversity Francisco Dallmeier, Robert C Szaro, Alfonso Alonso, James Comiskey, and Ann Henderson 545 Freshwater Ecosystems Robert G Wetzel 560 Freshwater Ecosystems, Human Impact on Kaj Sand-Jensen 570 Functional Diversity David Tilman 587