700 INDEX magmatic ore deposits (continued) niobium-yttrium-fluorine (NYF) pegmatites 3:639, 3:640f sulphide minerals base metal deposits characteristics 3:644t emplacement mechanisms 3:643, 3:643f general discussion 3:643 general discussion 3:641 magmatic concentrations 3:642f partitioning behaviour 3:639? precious metal sulphide deposits 3:642, 3:642f, 3:644, 3:644f magmatism Andes Mountains 1:118, 1:128 carbonatites 3:228, 3:232f China 1:353 Europe 2:96/", 2:97, 2:101f, 2:102, 3:657 Grenville orogeny 3:161f mafic magmatism 4:14f southern Cordillera 4:55, 4:58, 4:59f supercontinents 4:14f Tasman Orogenic Belt 1:244, 1:247f, 1:249 f Uralide orogeny 2:89 See also lava/lava flows; mantle plumes (hotspots); volcanism magnesite (MgCO3) carbonatites 3:23If hydrothermal ore deposits 5:394t limestones 5:108, 5:108t occurrence 5:31, 5:108, 5:108t ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks 5:533f magnesium (Mg) brewing process 3:79, 3:80t carbonatites 3:223? crustal composition L-406?, 5:174t evaporites 5:94 geothermal systems 3:113t glauconite 3:S42t hydrothermal fluids 3:629? kimberlites 3:248t komatiites 3:260, 3:261, 3:262/", 3:263f mid-ocean ridges 5:376, 5:380f mineral analysis 1:108t obsidian 3:269? oceanic manganese nodular deposits 5:114t Venus 5:247? magnetic field Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal 5:506f Earth auroras 5:218, 5:219f basic principles 4:147, 4:148f general discussion 1:423 geomagnetic fluctuations 5:218 geomagnetic storms 5:217 magnetic field reversals l:424f movement trends 1:425f schematic diagram 1:425f solar wind 5:217, 5:218f Vine-Matthews anomalies 4:346 Jupiter 5:282 Mercury 5:241 mineral exploration 3:619t palaeoterranes 5:456-457 Raff-Mason magnetic anomaly 5:399f Sun 5:210 Uranus 5:290 magnetite (FesO^ carbonatites 3:221t hydrothermal ore deposits 3:630?, 5:394? magmatic ores 3:641 physical properties 4:1491, 4:149f stability 3:580f magnetometers 3:333-334 magnetosphere 5:217, 5:217f, 5:218f magnetostratigraphy 3:331-335 analytical techniques 3:333 Appalachians 4:76f apparent polar wander paths 1:85'/", 4:153, 4:153f applications 1:84, 1:8 6f Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal 5:506f cycle charts 5:169f East Coast Magnetic Anomaly (ECMA) 4:95, 4:96f, 4:99f Eocene 5:467f field sampling 3:333 gauss 3:333-334 general discussion 5:303 geomagnetic polarity time-scale l : f , l:83f, 3:331, 3:332f historical background 1:82-83 Jurassic 3:353 large igneous provinces (LIPs) 3:321f magnetic anomalies l:83f, 1:101, l:101f, 2:37f, 3:200, 3:201f magnetic field reversals l:424f, 3:202 magnetostratigraphical correlation 3:333/i 3:334 methodology 1:84 normal polarity 3:331 Palaeocene 5:460f petroleum exploration 4:296, 4:299f polarity-bias superchrons 3:33If Raff-Mason magnetic anomaly 5:399f remnant magnetization 3:332 reversed polarity 3:331 secular variation 3:334 Magnitogorsk-Tagil zone 2:86, 2:87f, 2:90-91, 4:467 Magnolia 2:419f Magnus, Albertus 3:169 Mahanadi Basin 3:142-147, 3:146f Maine, United States 4:91 majorite 5:183t Makran Trench 5:430?, 5:430f Maksutovo Complex 2:88f, 2:88-89 malachite 3:13 Malaysia 4:192-193, 5:445?, 5:445f, 5:446-447 Mallet, Robert 2:237-238 malt whisky 3:82 Malvinokaffric Province 2:293 mammaliaforms 2:527, 2:528f Mammalian Neogene Reference Level System 5:478, 5:479f mammals Cretaceous 3:368, 3:369f Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary 3:381, 3:382f Eutheria 2:535-540 Mammalian Dispersal Event (MDE) 5:467f, 5:469-470, 5:470f, 5:471 Mesozoic 2:527-534 background information 2:527 diversifications 2:532 evolutionary features brain size 2:530 diphyodont dental replacement 2:531 general discussion 2:527 inner ear cochlea 2:530 jaw hinges 2:528 mammaliaforms 2:528f middle ear 2:528 phylogenetic relationships 2:528f marsupials 2:528f, 2:533 monotremes 2:528f, 2:533 placentals 2:528f, 2:533, 2:533f Miocene Africa 5:484 Australia 5:484 Eurasia 5:484 general discussion 5:483 North America 5:483 South America 5:484 Oligocene 5:475 placental mammals 2:535-540 anatomy 2:535 artiodactyls 2:536-537, 2:539 bats 2:539 Carnivora 2:539 classification 2:535, 2:537f edentates 2:537/", 2:538 Eocene 5:469-470 epitheres 2:538 evolutionary relationships 2:537f, 2:538 Glires 2:539 hominids 2:541-545 background information 2:541 early hominids 2:541, 2:542f Homo erectus 2:542, 2:543f Homo babilis 2:541-542, 2:543f Homo neanderthalensis 2:542, 2:544f Homo sapiens 2:543 marsupials 2:535-536, 2:538 mesonychids 2:539-540 Mesozoic 2:528f, 2:533, 2:533f molecular evolution 2:536 Palaeocene 5:463, 5:465 Perissodactyla 2:540 physiology 2:535 primates 2:538-539 reproduction 2:535 Rodentia 2:539