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A TRANSCENDENTAL PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY 45

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three levels of happiness: a pleasant life, a good life, and a meaningful life A pleasant life is a pursuit of positive emotions, like hedonic well-being The concept of a good life involves character strengths to engage (complete immersion) in activities The meaningful life means an individual uses one’s strengths in the service of someone other than self However, in 2011, Seligman upgraded his model of authentic happiness to a well-being model (Seligman, 2012), to which he added two elements: accomplishment (pursuit of achievement, winning, or success for its own sake) and relationships He named the new well-being model PERMA: pleasant life, engagement, relationships, meaning in life, and accomplishment One of the strongest predictors of happiness is social relationships One of the past happiness studies on a student population (Diener & Seligman, 2002) found the main difference between extraordinarily happy people and the rest of the participants was that very happy students had a rich and fulfilling social life Social relationships or relatedness also falls under eudaimonic well-being (Boniwell, 2012) Finally, Vittersø (2013) proposed a functional well-being model in which eudaimonia means to change, especially by showing growth within challenging environments, whereas hedonia means stability, equilibrium, and a return to the state of homeostasis Homeostasis is a psychological state with no tension or drive Thus, the above theories show that eudaimonic happiness is a vague and broad idea that includes theories with components that also fall in the hedonic camp Among these theories, Boniwell’s (2012) research suggests two pathways lead to eudaimonic well-being: personal growth and transcendence Personal growth relates to 32

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