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A TRANSCENDENTAL PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY 44

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happiness as feelings, evaluations, and functioning and Csikszentmihalyi’s (2008) concept of flow and autotelic personalities According to Carol Ryff’s model (Ryff & Keyes, 1995) of Psychological WellBeing (PWB), an individual’s well-being has six components, namely self-acceptance (life’s positive evaluation), personal growth, purpose in life, positive relations with others, environmental mastery (capacity to manage life and surrounding environment), and autonomy Interestingly, Self-Determination Theory (SDT) (Deci & Ryan, 2015; Ryan & Deci, 2000) also asserts three basic psychological needs that enhance one’s wellbeing, namely autonomy, competence, and relatedness Although Self-Determination Theory (SDT) appears similar to Psychological Well-Being (PWB), Ryan and Deci (2015; 2000) noted that the SDT’ concepts of autonomy, competence, and relatedness foster well-being, whereas Ryff & Keyes (1995) used these concepts to define well-being Waterman (1993) argued that hedonia relates to eudaimonia, but they are qualitatively distinct conceptions of happiness He referred to eudemonia as personal expressiveness (Waterman, 1990), an experience gained by engaging in activities that make an individual feel alive, that express who that person is, in which, someone who is intensely involved in and feels accomplished Such an experience makes an individual complete and fulfilled Interestingly, Waterman also stated that hedonic enjoyment is a part of personal expressiveness This statement places Waterman’s theory of personal expressiveness within the hedonic tradition Seligman, who began the positive psychology movement, introduced an allencompassing model of authentic happiness (Seligman, 2004) He distinguished between 31

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