400 A Menache involving severe animal suffering invariably obtains ethical approval because of a scientific culture that both encourages and rewards curiosity driven research Example Foot Shock and Fear A review published in 2015 entitled ‘Electric foot shock stress: a useful tool in neuropsychiatric studies’ sums up the ‘usefulness’ of the technique thus: foot shocks of varying intensity produce behavioral and neurochemical changes reflecting depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in humans Animals generally not habituate to foot shocks in comparison to other stressors, including loud noise, bright light, and hot and cold temperatures (Bali et al 2015) Example Sleep Deprivation and Manic Behaviour A study published in 2008 demonstrated, according to the authors, that sleep deprivation or exposure to aggressive cage mates resulted in mice that show behaviour similar to that seen in people with manic bipolar disorder According to the authors, this mouse model would be useful to study the efficacy of new antimanic and mood stabiliser drugs (Benedetti et al 2008) Example Brain Recordings in Awake Behaving Monkeys In this study published in 2015, two adult rhesus monkeys underwent surgery to prepare them for awake-fMRI experiments Each animal was implanted with an MRI-compatible headpost secured to the skull with ceramic screws, plastic strips and bone cement (Ortiz-Rios et al 2015) The monkeys were trained to lie in sphinx position in a specially adapted primate chair placed inside a double-walled acoustic chamber and were trained to wear headphone equipment In addition, the animals were required to fix their vision on a red spot while waiting for a sound signal indicating that they needed to look to the left or the right The monkeys were rewarded with a few drops of fruit juice only when they performed the task well enough Within the animal research community, the use of food and water deprivation is a common and accepted method as a means of motivating animals, particularly non-human primates, to perform repetitive cognitive tasks against