462 R Sollund I was also given access to the paperwork relating to a large number of penal cases which can only be superficially and selectively treated at this point as they far outnumber what can possibly be analyzed for this brief chapter (but see Sollund forthcoming) The penal cases include 87 cases coded as ‘2510: Illegal importation of alien wildlife species’ (breach of Wildlife law §47) and 723 cases coded as ‘5901: Illegal importation/dealing with exotic species’ §30 nr 76 (breach of a regulation under the Animal Welfare Act) in STRASAK, the central penal case statistics of the police These files include all from charges, police interrogations, fines, verdicts, photos, and so on; in short all material the police have gathered in relation to an offence Typical Cases: Reptile/Combination Cases and Parrot Trafficking Findings indicate there are typically two different types of seizures of live animals in Norway; a repeated violation is trafficking parrots into the country, but the most frequently seized species are reptiles Reptiles are seized at borders or in private homes In most cases relating to parrots, these are attempted smuggling (traffickers not declaring the parrots to Customs) but some cases also include problematic paperwork when the necessary CITES permits are not in place, for example, more birds being brought into the country than the number that the permits allow The number of individuals may vary; the most birds who were seized at once during the time I have conducted the research (between 2010–2015) was 25 On some occasions, and this is the case for a particular recidivist offender, he trafficked birds together with other contraband such as alcohol and tobacco This indicates that his main motive for smuggling is profit, as both parrots and alcohol may be sold for a good price Another typical type of offender featured in the confiscation reports is the tourist who purchases a tortoise at a local market while visiting Turkey or Greece and brings her/him home in the pocket or hand luggage to have the animal as a pet Other typical penal cases in the material I studied are what I refer to as ‘combination cases’ in which a recidivist offender who is charged on numerous grounds, usually violent and drug offences, is also convicted of a breach of the wildlife law or violation of the regulation against the keeping of exotic species under the Animal Welfare Act because a reptile is found in his home during a police search In such combination cases, except when the main offence is another crime, the punishment for trafficking is usually very lenient—usually a fine or a