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Cats | 105 Mench, J A., & Kreger, M D (1995) Animal welfare and public perceptions associated with keeping wild mammals in captivity In 1995 AZA Annual Conference Proceedings Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Bethesda, MD, 376–383 Mench, J A., & Kreger, M D (1996) Ethical and welfare issues associated with keeping wild mammals in captivity In Ethics on the ark: Zoos, animal welfare, and wildlife conservation (Ed by B G Norton, M Hutchins, E F Stevens, & T L Maple), 5–15 Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press Miller, B., Ralls, K., Reading, R P., Scott, J M., & Estes, J (1999) Biological and technical considerations of carnivore translocation: A review Animal Conservation 2(1):59–68 Norton, B (1995) Caring for nature: A broader look at animal stewardship In Ethics on the ark: Zoos, animal welfare, and wildlife conservation (Ed by B G Norton, M Hutchins, E F Stevens, & T L Maple), 102–121 Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press Reading, R P., & Miller, B J (2001) Release and reintroduction of species In Encyclopedia of the world’s zoos (Ed by C Bell), 1053–1057 Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers Reading, R P., Kleiman, D G., & Miller, B J (2004) Conservation and behavior: Species reintroductions In Encyclopedia of animal behavior, Vol 1: A-C (Ed by M Bekoff ), 426–435 Westport, CT: Greenwood Press Regan, T (1983) The case for animal rights Berkeley: University of California Press Regan, T (1995) Are zoos morally defensible? In Ethics on the ark: Zoos, animal welfare, and wildlife conservation (Ed by B G Norton, M Hutchins, E F Stevens, & T L Maple), 38–51 Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press Singer, P (1990) Animal liberation, 2nd Ed New York: Random House Snyder, N F.R., Derrickson, S R., Beissinger, S R., Wiley, J W., Smith, T B., Toone, W D et al (1996) Limitations of captive breeding in endangered species recovery Conservation Biology 10: 338–348 Wuichet, J., & Norton, B (1995) Differing conceptions of animal welfare In Ethics on the ark: Zoos, animal welfare, and wildlife conservation (Ed by B G Norton, M Hutchins, E F Stevens, & T L Maple), 235–250 Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press Wagner, F (1995) The should or should not of captive breeding In Ethics on the ark: Zoos, animal welfare, and wildlife conservation (Ed by B G Norton, M Hutchins, E F Stevens, & T L Maple), 209–214 Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press Richard P Reading and Brian J Miller CATS The domestic cat is the most popular companion animal in the United States today, with more than 80 million living in American households With regard to the welfare of cats in our society, there are three issues of primary concern: the use of cats in biomedical research, the problem of unowned, free-roaming cats, and the high euthanasia rate of cats in animal shelters In 1881, British zoologist St George Mivart published a textbook called The Cat: An Introduction to the Study of Backboned Animals, Especially Mammals in which he described the cat as “a convenient and readily accessible object for reference” in studying mammals, including humans Since the publication of Mivart’s book, cats have been used in research primarily to learn about the specific functions of nerve cells and about how the brain processes visual information Research with cats has contributed to advances in treating various disorders of the eye, including “lazy eye,” glaucoma, and cataracts, as well as recovery from damage to the brain and spinal cord from injuries and strokes Cats also have been used to study particular medical problems they have in common with humans, such as hearing disorders, diabetes, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

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