684 | Index Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), 10 Urban Search and Rescue, 164 Urban wildlife, 565 –68 Utilitarianism: animal experimentation and, 570 –71; Bentham, Jeremy and, 40, 556, 568 –69; overview, 568 –70; Singer, Peter and, 50, 102, 194, 240, 273 Theodicy in religion, 477–79 Theology See Religion and animals Theos rights, 479 Thomas v Review Board (1981), 551 Thoroughbred racing, 537 Three C’s, humane education, 324 –25 Three R’s (reduction, replacement, and refinement): animal experiment alternatives, 10 –12; development of, 555; ethics and, 426; fourth R in India, 336; history of, 555 –57; humane education, 325; legislation and, 557 Tolman, Edward, 510 Torah (Jewish bible), 468, 470, 471 Toro de la Vega (Bull of La Vega), 98 –99 Touch sensitivity, 414 –15 Toxic bait, 615 –16 Toxicity testing, 555 –59 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), 124 –26 Transgenic mice, 379, 380 Transport animals during war, 589 –92 Transspecies psychology, 147 Trapping practices, 559 –64; in aquatic sets, 258 –59; in field studies, 257–59, 260, 263; impact of, 560 –62; minimizing impacts, 563; post-release survival, 562–63; for predator control, 427–28; with snares, 344; steel jaw leg hold trap, 561, 562; trap, neuter, return policies, 107; wildlife penning and, 609 The Treatyse of Fysshynge with an Angle (Berners), 278 Vaccine research, 380 Value of life, 439 – 41, 567 Vargas, Guillermo “Habacuc,” 78 –79 Veganism /vegetarianism, 573 –77, 577–80; abolitionist approach to, 1, – 4, 39 – 40; and the Bible, 479 –81; increase in, 249; in Judaism, 469 Vegetarians International Voice for Animals (VIVA), 262 Vervet monkeys, 520 –21 Veterinarians: animal behavior violations and, 162–63; animal welfare and, 81; ethics and, 580 –83; euthanasia by, 225, 227; PETA starter kits, 405; research and, 239; sterilization by, 514 Vick, Michael, 94, 178, 181 Victims of Science (Ryder), 49 Vietnamese bear bile extraction, 127, 128 –29 Vietnam War, 77, 587–88 Violence in animal art, 77–81 Virtue ethics, 583 –84 Vivisection, 74, 444, 539 – 40 Vredenburg, Vance T., 17 Vyasa (Hindu sage), 482 Uelsmann, Jerry, 389 Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, 16 –17 Underwater factory farms, 248 United Action for Animals, 556 United Kingdom (U.K.): animal experimentation and, 333, 350; bloodsport bans by, 129, 130; footand-mouth disease in, 166 –67; Martin’s Act, 361 United States (U.S.): animal cruelty laws, 367–69; bloodsport bans by, 130 –32 Wagner, Frederic, 101 Wallman, Joel, 306 Wang Guoyan, 122 Wang Sheng Xian, 126 War and animals: overview, 585 –89; transport, 589 –92 Ward, Nathaniel, 484 Washoe (chimpanzee), 114, 304 –7 Watson, Donald, 573 We Animals: Poems of Our World (Aisenberg), 418 Weary, Dan, 33