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Encyclopedia of animal rights and animal 672

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Zoos: Roles | 629 more species bred in captivity, and emphasis was no longer on large collections of many species, but on fewer species exhibited in larger, more naturalistic enclosures There were more mixed-species exhibits and exhibits with social groups of one species Animals could be exhibited by themes like species relatedness, geographic zone, or habitat Some zoos chose to focus on local or regional wildlife species Some zoos, like the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust in the United Kingdom, maintain and breed only species that are endangered and can benefit from zoo and field research New exhibit technologies, coupled with greater knowledge of animal behavior and husbandry, have led to a surge in immersion exhibits that allow visitors to enter the habitat by means of, for example, acrylic tunnels, safari vehicles, and boat rides Some have even blurred the lines between zoo and aquarium by integrating terrestrial and aquatic exhibits With the recognition that many species of animals were threatened with extinction due to human activities, zoos have also become major centers of conservation and public education Instead of a staff of mostly animal collection managers, modern zoos have added veterinary, nutrition, conservation and research, and education departments A few animals are bred specifically for reintroduction to places where their numbers are few or they have disappeared completely The New York Zoological Park is widely credited for rescuing the American bison in the early 1900s through captive breeding and reintroduction Some zoos maintain their own offsite breeding and research centers Many zoos have major field research programs Professional zoo societies have emerged worldwide and have facilitated zoos’ working with each other and partnering with conservation groups to address local and international wildlife issues Finally, concern about the wellbeing of animals in zoos, particularly since the 1980s, has resulted in increased oversight This guidance includes selfregulation, requirements for accreditation in professional zoo organizations, and local, state, and national laws To the scholar, early zoos were living museums, places of scientific and artistic opportunity To the visitor, they were urban retreats, gardens of novelty, entertainment, and education Those roles have not changed, although emphasis is now on education and conservation Zoos’ continued popularity makes them ideal venues for these missions Further Reading Bell, C.E (ed.) (2001) Encyclopedia of the world’s zoos Chicago and London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers Hanson, E (2002) Animal attractions: Nature on display in American zoos: Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press Hoage, R J., and Deiss, W A (eds.) (1996) New world, new animals: From menagerie to zoological park in the nineteenth century Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press Maier, F., and Page, J (1990) Zoo: The modern ark New York: Facts on File Mullan, B., and Marvin, G (1987) Zoo culture London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson Michael D Kreger ZOOS: ROLES If animals have a right to freedom, zoos seem to infringe on that right, and therefore to be questionable on welfare grounds Today’s thousands of zoos, attracting millions of visitors worldwide, vary enormously from so-called roadside zoos, which are condemned outright by reputable ones, to zoological parks

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