history of present illness (HPI), 98 medical conditions, 98 , 98 t mental status examination (MSE), 98 –99 nature of affect, 99 psychiatric, 98 –99 suicidal or homicidal ideation and intent, presence or absence of, 99 of support systems, 99 thought content, 99 intermittent explosive disorder and, 97 manic/mixed episodes and, 96 –97 , 97 t oppositional defiant disorder and, 97 psychotic disorders and, 94 –95 toxicologic ingestion/withdrawal leading to, 94 , 96 t trauma and, 97 Agitated or violent behavior assessing and predicting, 1431 t calming techniques, 1431 t clinical recognition, 1430 disposition, 1433 –1434 emergency medications, 1433 t initial assessment, 1431 medical and physical strategies, 1432 –1433 rapid tranquilization, 1432 treatment goals for, 1430 –1434 triage, 1430 –1431 verbal de-escalation techniques, 1431 –1432 , 1431 t Air trapping, 487 Airway, breathing, circulation, and disability (ABCDs) assessment, 44 , 1030 , 1032 Airway(s) alternative modalities, 34 –36 high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) devices, 35 , 35 t noninvasive ventilation, 35 –36 anatomic/physiologic differences in infant/child and adult, 479 t compromise, 1405 –1407 , 1405 t emergency therapy, goals of, 34