oxygen in, 1389 phosphodiesterase inhibitors in, 1390 prostanoids in, 1389 subcutaneous prostacyclin analogues in, 1389 in pregnancy, 1446–1447 in prematurity, 205–207 acute, 205 causes of, 205t diagnosis of, 205 echocardiography for, 205 treatment of, 205–207 pulmonary vascular disease in congenital heart disease, 1381 in unrepaired congenital heart disease, 1381–1383, 1383f pulmonary venoocclusive disease and, 1386 in shunt lesions, 1523–1524, 1524f transposition of the great arteries and, 122 surgical management of, 689 Pulmonary outflow tract obstruction, ventricular septal defect and, 566–567 Pulmonary overcirculation, 1264f Pulmonary stenosis, 775–802 after interventions for, 802 angiography in, 787 associated anomalies with, 775 balloon dilation in, 798–800, 799f–800f cardiac catheterization in, 787, 787f chest radiograph in, 782, 782f clinical diagnosis of, 780–787 computed tomography in, 786 developmental considerations with, 779, 780f echocardiography in, 782–785, 782f–784f electrocardiogram in, 781–782 fetal balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in, 795–796 hemodynamics in, 787–788 implications in adult life, 802 incidence of, 775 interventional catheterization for, 789–795 key diagnostic features of, 787, 787b magnetic resonance imaging in, 786, 786f morphology and embryology and, 775–779, 776f–779f combined valvar and infundibular, 778 infundibular stenosis, 778 with other types of stenosis occurring within the right ventricle, 778 of pulmonary arterial stenosis, 778–779 multiple balloon techniques for, 796–797, 796f natural history of, 787–788, 788f outcomes of intervention for, 797–800 physical examination of, 781, 781t physiology of, 787–788 presentation of, 780–781 recommendations for long-term follow up, 800–802 severe or critical, 794–795, 795f severity of, 782t surgical therapy for, 788–789, 789f surgical valvulotomy in, 797–798, 798f therapeutic options for, 788–797 Pulmonary system, extracardiac anomalies of, 452 Pulmonary trunk anatomy of, 26, 26f anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from, 865, 866f–867f, 870–872 clinical presentation of, 870–871 diagnosis of, 871–872, 871f incidence of, 870 medical management of, 872 outcomes for, 872 pathophysiology of, 870 surgical management of, 872, 872f treatment of, 872 anomalous right coronary artery from, 872–873 banding of, congenitally corrected transposition and, 713–714 echocardiographic quantification and identification of patterns of flow in, 304–305, 304f Pulmonary valvar stenosis interventional techniques for, 257–258 key diagnostic features of, 787b pregnancy, 1445 Pulmonary valve disease, chronic rheumatic heart disease and, 1030 Pulmonary valve replacement, novel treatments for, 278 Pulmonary valves in diagnostic catheterization, 247 implantation of, interventional techniques for, 259–261, 260f incompetence of, surgical treatment of, 649, 649f three-dimensional echocardiography of, 314t Pulmonary varix, 501 Pulmonary vascular bed, in diagnostic catheterization, 248–249 Pulmonary vascular disease in congenital heart disease, 1381 in unrepaired congenital heart disease, 1381–1383, 1383f Pulmonary vascular remodeling, pulmonary hypertension and, 207 Pulmonary vascular resistance elevated, in chronic mechanical circulatory support, 1213–1214 flow through ventricular septal defect and, 566 Pulmonary vasculature, in cardiovascular drugs, 1185 Pulmonary vasodilator therapy, for pulmonary hypertension, 206 Pulmonary vasodilators, selective, in univentricular heart, 1348 Pulmonary vein common, atresia of, 490 anatomy of, 490, 494f clinical presentation and investigation of, 490 imaging of, 490 management of, 490 pathophysiology of, 490 embryology of, 37, 38f–39f Pulmonary vein stenosis, 496–501 anatomy of, 496, 497f, 499f cardiac catheterization in, 498–499 catheter-based interventions, 500