of aortopathies, 1447 of congenitally corrected transposition, 1446 of cyanotic cardiac disease, 1446 of Ebstein's malformation, 1446 of Fontan circulation, 1446 of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, 1445 of left-to-right shunts, 1444–1445 of Marfan syndrome, 1447 of prosthetic heart valves, 1447–1448, 1447t of pulmonary hypertension, 1446–1447 of pulmonary valvar stenosis, 1445 of tetralogy of Fallot, 1445–1446 of transposition of the great arteries, 1446 of univentricular hearts, 1446 peripartal management and, 1448 preconception counseling and, 1442 diagnostic and therapeutic interventions during, 1448–1449 Ebstein malformation and, 598 hemodynamic changes during pregnancy, 1441 impact on cardiac diagnostic tests, 1441–1442 prophylaxis against endocarditis during, 1448 with tetralogy of Fallot, 650 Preload insufficiency, in Fontan circulation, 1321–1322 Premature infant, patency of the arterial duct in, 769 balloon dilation in, 772–773, 772f bioengineering of the arterial duct in, 772–773, 773f clinical features of, 770 absence of pulmonary disease, 770 infants recovering from lung disease, 770 echocardiography in, 771 infiltration of formalin in, 772–773 investigations for, 770–773 with lung disease, 770 management of, 771–772 pathophysiology of, 769–770 Prematurity cardiac disease and, 189–213 cardiovascular problems unique to, 195–208 circulatory collapse and, 200–204 congenitally malformed hearts and, 208–210 cardiac catheterization and, 210 cardiovascular care and, 208–209, 209f cardiovascular support and, 210 echocardiography and, 208 interventional, 210 monitoring and, 209–210 prostaglandin treatment and, 209 surgical procedures for, 210 extremely premature neonate, initial resuscitation of, 190–191 factors contributing to, 189, 190t focused neonatal care and, 210–211 gastrointestinal care and, 211 hemodynamic assessment and monitoring and, 192–195 hemodynamically significant arterial duct and, 195–198 hypotension and, 200–204 intraoperative and surgical considerations for, 213 miscellaneous, 211 mortality and, 189, 190t myocardial performance, regulation of, 191–192 neurologic care and, 211 nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and, 198–199 nursing considerations for, 211–213 cardiovascular monitoring in, 211 developmental care in, 211–212 pain management in, 212–213 skin care in, 212 temperature control in, 212 outcomes of, 211 pericardial effusion and, 208 postnatal transition and, physiology of, 189–190 pulmonary hypertension and, 205–207, 205t respiratory care and, 210–211 systemic hypertension and, 207 transitioning circulation and, 189 Premedication, in diagnostic catheterization, 239 Prenatal diagnosis, of congenital heart disease, psychological impact of, 163– 164 Prenatal growth restriction, systemic arterial dysfunction and, 1371–1372 Preschool-aged child, psychological stress of cardiac disease in, 1456, 1457t– 1458t Preserved myocardial function with normal cardiac output and systemic hypoperfusion, 1179 with normal or increased cardiac output, 1180 Pressure loading, atrioventricular septal defects and, 534 Pressure measurements, in diagnostic catheterization, 242 Pressure overload, long-standing volume and, adverse effects of, 1525 Pressure-volume loop, cardiac function with, examination of, 1195–1196, 1195f– 1196f Presurgery, for integrated care pathways, 1482t Preterm, definition of, 190b Preterm delivery, spontaneous, factors contributing to, 190t Prevalence of congenital heart disease, 173–183 etiologic associations and, 175 ratios, rates, and proportions in, 173, 174t Primary care provider (PCP) -cancer specialist relationship, 1490, 1490f caring for complex patients, 1487–1488, 1488f multiple roles played by, 1490, 1490f Primary malignant tumors, 976 Primary mitochondrial disease, 75 Primary myocardium, 35–36, 35f Probability inference related to, 412 principles of, 411–413