Ethnomedicinal Plants Revitalization of Traditional Knowledge of Herbs © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Ethnomedicinal Plants Revitalization of Traditional Knowledge of Herbs Editors Mahendra Rai Deepak Acharya José Luis Ríos Science Publishers Enfield, New Hampshire CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group an informa business www.crcpress.com 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 270 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10016 2 Park Square, Milton Park Abingdon, Oxon OX 14 4RN, UK © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC The views expressed in this book are those of the author(s) and the publisher does not assume responsibility for the authenticity of the fi ndings/conclusions drawn by the author(s). Also no responsibility is assumed by the publishers for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, in writing. The exception to this is when a reasonable part of the text is quoted for purpose of book review, abstracting etc. This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Printed in the United States of America Published by Science Publishers, P.O. Box 699, Enfi eld, NH 03748, USA An imprint of Edenbridge Ltd., British Channel Islands E-mail: info@scipub.net Website: www.scipub.net Marketed and distributed by: Copyright reserved © 2011 ISBN 978-1-57808-696-2 Cover illustrations repr oduced by kind courtesy of Dr. Deepak Acharya and Prof. José Luis Ríos. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ethnomedicinal plants : revitalization of traditional knowledge of herbs / editors: M. Rai, D. Acharya, Jose Luis Rios. 1st ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-57808-696-2 (hardcover) 1. Herbs Therapeutic use. 2. Medicinal plants. 3. Ethnobotany. 4. Traditional medicine. I. Rai, M. K. II. Acharya, Deepak. III. Rios, Jose Luis. IV. Title: Revitalization of traditional knowledge of herbs. RM666.H33E88 2010 615’.321 dc22 2010035107 CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group an informa business www.crcpress.com 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 270 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10016 2 Park Square, Milton Park Abingdon, Oxon OX 14 4RN, UK © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Preface Since the beginning of civilization, people have been using plants for medicines. A discussion of human life on this planet would not be complete without a look at the role of plants. Ethnobotany is the study of how people of a particular culture and region make use of indigenous plants. In fact, medicine and botany have always had a close relationship. Many of the drugs today, have been derived from plant sources. However, as modern medicine advances, chemically-synthesized drugs have replaced plants as the source of most medicinal agents. Research on plant sources is still receiving attention these days and they are used as the main basis of drug development. There is a pressing need for revitalization of traditional knowledge of the plants used by rural and tribal people. Biotechnological approaches will prove to be boon, which can help validation and value addition of prominent herbal practices. Many fatal diseases like AIDS, cancer and swine flue have emerged and need proper treatment. Ethnomedicinal plants can be screened and modern approaches can be used for analysis of herbs. This book consists of 17 chapters, covering ethnomedicinal plants from Mexico, Brazil, West Indies, Lebanon, Nepal, India, Costa Rica, Tunisia, Cameroon, Norway and Spain. It includes ethnomedicinal uses of medicinal plants, their bioactivity and the role of bioinformatics and molecular biology in ethnomedicinal plants research. The book could be an essential reading for botanists, medicos, Ayurvedic experts, traditional healers, pharmacologists and common people who are interested in curative properties of healing herbs. Finally, we are thankful to Mr. Raju Primlani for his help and suggestions for the book. I wish to thank my research students—Alka Karwa, Aniket Gade, Ravindra Ade, Avinash Ingle, Dyaneshwar Rathod, Alka Yadav, Vaibhav Tiwari, Jayendra Kesharwani, and Swapnil Gaikwad for their help and support during the preparation of the book. MKR wishes to thank his daughters—Shivangi, Shivani and son Aditya for moral support during the editing of the book. © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Contents Preface v List of Contributors ix 1. Ethnomedicinal Plants: Progress and the Future of Drug 1 Development José Luis Ríos 2. Spasmolytic Effect of Constituents from Ethnomedicinal 25 Plants on Smooth Muscle Rosa Martha Perez Gutierrez 3. Brazilian Ethnomedicinal Plants with Anti-inflammatory 76 Action José Carlos Tavares Carvalho 4. Women’s Knowledge of Herbs used in Reproduction in 115 Trinidad and Tobago Cheryl Lans and Karla Georges 5. Medicinal Value of Polyunsaturated and Other Fatty 135 Acids in Ethnobotany Sabreen F. Fostok, Antonios N. Wehbe, and Rabih S. Talhouk 6. Smoke of Ethnobotanical Plants used in Healing 166 Ceremonies in Brazilian Culture Raquel de Luna Antonio, Nayara Scalco, Tamiris Andrade Medeiros, Julino A.R. Soares Neto, and Eliana Rodrigues 7. Traditional Medicines as the Source of Immuno- 192 modulators and Stimulators and their Safety Issues Mahmud Tareq Hassan Khan 8. Traditional Knowledge about Indian Antimicrobial 212 Herbs: Retrospects and Prospects Deepak Acharya and Mahendra Rai 9. Medicinal Usefulness of Woodfordia fruticosa (Linn.) Kurz 253 Shandesh Bhattarai and Dinesh Raj Bhuju © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC viii Ethnomedicinal Plants 10. Chemistry and Pharmacology of Azadirachta indica 269 Rosa Martha Perez Gutierrez 11. Ethnomedicine of Quassia and Related Plants in 301 Tropical America Rafael Ocampo and Gerardo Mora 12. An Inventory of Ethnomedicinal Plants Used in Tunisia 333 Borgi Wahida, Mahmoud Amor, and Chouchane Nabil 13. Medicinal Plants used in Folk Medicine for 361 Digestive Diseases in Central Spain M.E. Carretero Accame, M.P. Gómez-Serranillos Cuadrado, M.T. Ortega Hernández-Agero and O.M. Palomino Ruiz-Poveda 14. Traditional Medicinal Products and their Interaction 388 with Estrogens Receptors—Implications for Human Health Dieudonné Njamen 15. Applications of Microarray Technology in 424 Ethnomedicinal Plant Research Mahmoud Youns, Jörg D. Hoheisel, and Thomas Efferth 16. Combining Ethnobotany and Informatics to Discover 444 Knowledge from Data Jitendra Gaikwad, Karen Wilson, Jim Kohen, Subramanyam Vemulpad, Joanne Jamie and Shoba Ranganathan 17. Conservation Strategies for Ethnomedicinal Plants 458 Arun Rijal Index 489 Color Plate Section 497 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC List of Contributors M.E. Carretero Accame Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Pza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Tel: +34 91 394 18 71 Fax: +33 91 394 17 26 E-mail: meca@farm.ucm.es Deepak Acharya Abhumka Herbal Pvt. Ltd., 5th Floor, Shreeji Chambers, Behind Cargo Motors CG Road, Ahmedabad 380 006, Gujarat, India. Tel: 91 79 30077811 to 19 E-mail: deep_acharya@rediffmail.com Mahmoud Amor Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy-Monastir 5000, Tunisia. Tel: +216 73 461 000 Fax: +216 73 461 830 E-mail: phytopathos@yahoo.fr Raquel de Luna Antonio Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862-1º andar, Edificio de Ciências Biomédicas, CEP 04023-062-São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Tel: +55 11 2149-0155 E-mail: luna.raquel@gmail.com Shandesh Bhattarai Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, GPO Box 3323, Kathmandu, Nepal. Tel: +977 1 9841408803 (cell) E-mail: bhattaraishandesh@ yahoo.com © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC x Ethnomedicinal Plants Dinesh Raj Bhuju Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, GPO Box 3323, Kathmandu, Nepal. Tel: +977 1 5547716 Fax: +977 1 5547713 E-mail: dineshbhuju@gmail.com M.P. Gómez-Serranillos Cuadrado Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Pza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Tel: +34 91 394 18 71 Fax: +33 91 394 17 26 Thomas Efferth Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5; 55128 Mainz, Germany. Tel: 49-6131-3925751 Fax: 49-6131-3923752 E-mail: efferth@uni-mainz.de Sabreen F. Fostok Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences and Nature Conservation Center for Sustainable Futures (IBSAR), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. Tel: +961 70 969126 Fax: +961 1 374374, ext 3888 E-mail: sff07@aub.edu.lb Jitendra Gaikwad Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. Tel: +61 2 9850 8276 Fax: +61 2 9850 8313 E-mail: jitendra.gaikwad@mq.edu.au Karla Georges Veterinary Public Health, The University of West Indies, Faculty of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, EWMSC Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies. 1(868)6452640. Fax: 1 (868) 645 7428 E-mail: karla.georges@sta.uwi.edu © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Rosa Martha Perez Gutierrez Escuela Superior de Ingeníeria Química e Industrias extractivas IPN. Av, Instituto Politecnico Nacional S/N, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Mexico D.F. Tel: 05557529349 Fax: 0557529349 E-mail: rmpg@prodigy.net.mx Jörg D. Hoheisel Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Tel: [49] (6221)42-4680 Fax: [49] (6221)42-4687 M.T. Ortega Hernandez-Agero Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Pza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Tel: +34 91 394 18 71 Fax: +33 91 394 17 26 Joanne Jamie Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. Tel: +61 2 9850 8276 Fax: +61 2 9850 8313 E-mail: joanne.jamie@mq.edu.au Mahmud Tareq Hassan Khan GenØk—Center for Biosafety, FellesLab, MHB, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway. E-mail: mahmud.khan@uit.no, mthkhan2002@yahoo.com Jim Kohen Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. Tel: +61 2 9850 8138 Fax: +61 2 9850 8245 E-mail: jim.kohen@mq.edu.au Cheryl Lans PO Box 72045 Sasamat, Vancouver, V6R4P2, Canada. E-mail: cher2lans@netscape.net List of Contributors xi © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC xii Ethnomedicinal Plants Tamiris Andrade Mediros Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 862-1° andar, Edificio de Ciências Biomédicas, CEP 04023-062-São Paulo-SP, Brazil. Tel: +55 11 2149-0155 Gerardo Mora Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA); Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica. Tel:+50625113001 Fax: +50622259866 E-mail: gamora@racsa.co.cr Chouchane Nabil Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy-Monastir 5000, Tunisia. Tel: +216 73 461 000 Fax: +216 73 461 830 E-mail: Nabil.Chouchane@fphm.rnu.tn Julino A.R. Soares Neto Department of Preventive Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Borges Lagoa, 1341-1º andar, CEP 04038-034-São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Tel: +55 11 2149-0155 Dieudonné Njamen Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaounde 1, PO Box 812 Yaounde, Cameroon. Tel: +237 79 42 47 10 E-mail: dnjamen@Gmail.com Rafael Ocampo Bougainvillea Extractos Naturales, S.A. Apartado Postal 764-3100 Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica. E-mail: quassia@racsa.co.cr O.M. Palomino Ruiz-Poveda Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Pza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Tel: +34 91 394 18 71 Fax: +33 91 394 17 26 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC [...]... traditional medical knowledge and safety can support the present practice of pharmaceutical development Studies on new ethnomedicinal plants One way of introducing new ethnomedicinal plants into modern therapies is through studies of known species used around the world Many of these plants are widely used in both developed and developing countries, but many are located in remote areas and known only... Ethnomedicinal Plants the increase in databases and the in silico tools to handle these genomes, aids in the more precise development of metabolomics In summary, various biotechnological issues in the production of secondary metabolites from plants are of relevance, including those concerning plant cells, tissues, and organ cultures; transgenic plants and organisms; micro-propagation of medicinal plants. .. Mainz, Germany Tel: 49-6131-3924237 Fax: 49-6131-3923752 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Chapter 1 Ethnomedicinal Plants: Progress and the Future of Drug Development José Luis Ríos Introduction Ethnobotany studies the relationships between people and plants and includes various aspects of how plants are used as food, cosmetics, textiles, in gardening, and as medicine In contrast, ethnopharmacology... applied to the indigenous contexts in which people use these plants Finally, an eleventh point establishes a series of issues for future research (Etkin and Elisabetsky 2005) © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Ethnomedicinal Plants: Progress and the Future of Drug Development 13 Apart from these considerations for future ethnopharmacological and ethnomedicinal studies, several practices need to be established... biome and assuring intellectual property rights, © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Ethnomedicinal Plants: Progress and the Future of Drug Development 15 developing both medicinal plant germplasm banks and integrated global information systems on the uses of medicinal plants, and the cultivation of medicinal plants in a sustainable manner By the same token, it is also necessary to enhance natural... In many cases, modern Western science has corroborated the proper use of diverse traditional ethnomedicinal plants including ginkgo, ginseng, and centella, which have become a part of many modern therapies after thorough investigations establishing their quality, security, and safety Eastern ethnomedicinal plants introduced in western medicine Traditional medicine with herbal drugs exists in every... 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Ethnomedicinal Plants: Progress and the Future of Drug Development 21 Conclusions In the field of natural products of plant origin, two groups can be clearly differentiated: those phytomedicines comprised of either one extract or a complex mixture of several plants, and those principles isolated or derived from active compounds of plants In the former case, the application... the progress of ethnomedicinal plant research over the past century and will attempt to predict what the future holds for this ever developing subject area Special attention will be given to new methodologies, techniques, and advances in the field and their potential application for the future development of medicinal plant research Natural products versus medicinal plants Medicinal plants and their... other medicinal plants, gotu kola has been subjected to extensive experimental and clinical investigations Studies done in accordance with standardized scientific criteria have shown it to have a positive effect in the treatment of venous insufficiency and striae gravidarum, as well as to be effective in the treatment of wound-healing © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Ethnomedicinal Plants: Progress... (Harvey 2008) Is there a future in ethnopharmacological research? Plants are a good source of chemical compounds and ethnopharmacology is an excellent way to obtain them As explained above, many relevant drugs originate from a natural compound isolated from a medicinal plant © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC 14 Ethnomedicinal Plants Taking into consideration that most estimates calculate that . Ethnomedicinal Plants Revitalization of Traditional Knowledge of Herbs © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC Ethnomedicinal Plants Revitalization. 1. Ethnomedicinal Plants: Progress and the Future of Drug 1 Development José Luis Ríos 2. Spasmolytic Effect of Constituents from Ethnomedicinal 25 Plants