CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 11 2009 25 CHiNH SACH DOI NOI MY HIEN NAY Th S N g u y e n Anh Hiing Vien Nghien ciiu Chdu My 1 K h a i q u a t t i n h h i n h n i f d c M y h i e n n a y Ve m a t c h i n h t r i , t i n h h i n h nUdc My h i e n n a y k h i dn d i n h , t r o n g dd yeu to' t i e u b i e u nha't la sii ndi len vd lanh dgo he thdng chinh tri cua ddng Ddn chu T r o n g cupc t d n g t u y e n cuf hdi t h i n g 11/2008, d i n g D a n c h u da t h u dUdc c h i e n t h i n g v a n g dpi k h i g[.]
CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 11-2009 25 CHiNH SACH DOI NOI MY HIEN NAY Th.S Nguyen Anh Hiing Vien Nghien ciiu Chdu My K h a i q u a t t i n h h i n h nifdc My hien Ve m a t chinh tri, tinh hinh nUdc My hien k h i dn dinh, dd yeu to' tieu bieu nha't la sii ndi len vd lanh dgo he thdng chinh tri cua ddng Ddn chu Trong cupc tdng tuyen cuf hdi t h i n g 11/2008, d i n g Dan chu da t h u dUdc chien t h i n g v a n g dpi gianh dUdc chiec ghe tdng thd'ng (ufng vien Barack O b a m a t h a n g i p d i o ifng vien Cong hda J o h n McCain vdi ty le phieu dai cuf tri 365/173), 56 100 ghe tai Thuo'ng vien, 255 435 ghe tai Ha vien va da so' 50 ghe thd'ng dd'c b a n g ' NhU vay, chinh quyen My hien (cim quyen til t h i n g 1/2009) thuoc ve dang Dan chu va boat dpng k h i sudn se vi suf ket hdp giUa mdt Tdng thd'ng vdi Quo'c hpi ddng dang D i n g Dan chu hien cung cd so' t h i n h vien ky luc - da so' l i t h i n h p h i n cap tien (progressive) vdi tdng lUcing len tdi 74 trieu d i n g vien (gap rUdi so' lUdng d a n g vien cua d a n g Ccng hda) Ve mat k i n h te nUdc My hien bdt ddu thodt khdi suy thodi kinh te nhiing phuc hdi chdm va cdn phai doi phd vdi n h i e u h a u qua Cupc suy t h c i i kinh te - tai chinh My dien lien tuc tuf cUdi n a m 2007, de'n quy III/2009 thi cham day va hien coi nhU da cha'm dift, b i t d i u di len Tuy nhien, h a u q u i hien rat n a n g ne: suf suy g i i m siic m u a va d i u t u t u n h a n ; s i n xuat cdng nghiep v i xua't k h a u g i i m manh; nhieu doanh nghiep ldn va ngan h i n g hi p h i s i n , giii the; cic doanh nghiep nhd chuyen hUdng d i u t u nUdc ngoai Dac biet, ty le t h a t nghiep n a m 2009 r a t cao - tren 7,5% (dao dpng tif, mufc 7,6% t h i n g 1/2009 den 9,5% t h i n g 6/2009') N a m 2009, t a n g trUdng G D P cua My Udc tinh van la am (-2%); t h a m h u t ngan s i c h n a m tai khoa 2009 (1/10/2008 30/9/2009) len tdi 1.400 ty USD - gap l i n t h a m h u t n g a n s i c h n a m tai khda 2008 (459 ty USD), trd t h a n h mufc t h a m h u t ky luc tii n a m 1945 den nay; v i tdng nd nUdc n g o i i cua My hien da tren 11.000 ty USD Nhd nhUng chinh s i c h kinh te kip thdi cua chinh quyen O b a m a - dac biet la gdi kich thich k i n h te 787 ty USD dUdc thong qua t h i n g 2/2009 - ma nen kinh te My dang hdi phuc vdi c i c dau hieu k h i quan: thi trUdng chifng k h o i n t a n g hen tuc tuf t h i n g 3/2009, thi trUdng bat dpng s i n cha'm diit khimg b e i n g v i b i t dau dn dinh tuf t h i n g 4/2009, ty le t h a t nghiep lien tuc giam tii t h i n g 7/2009, t a n g trUdng GDP quy I I I / 0 d a t t d i , % Ve m a t xa hpi, d My hien v i n dien sit phdn hdd mgnh me gida cdc giai tdng, vdi vi the cua gidi tre vd tdng ldp trung litu ngdy mgt gia tdng N h i nUdc d a n g t a p t r u n g vac cac chinh sach an sinh xa hpi, trdng dd vdn de chdm sdc sdc khoe Id trgng tdm vi linh vufc bien ddi phiic tap va 26 SO 11-2009 ngdn nhieu ngan quy an sinh xa hdi nha't cua ci chinh quyen lan dan chiing Nhu ciu suf dung nang lUdng len cao khien My la nUdc phai nhap khau diu lUa ldn nha't the gidi (khoing hdn 10 trieii thiing d i u mdi ngay, trdng dd 1/3 den tii' Venezuela); dil viec sin xua't nang lUdng sach dUdc diu tu, khuyen khich nhUng ty le ngudn nang lUdng hien van chUa vUdt q u i dUdc 10°-o trdng tdng ngudn nang lUdng Thanh qua trdng nU6c dang ke nhat cua My l i llnh viic gido due va chd'ng khung bd' My dang cd mpt nen giio due rat dn dinh va phit trien, vdi nhUng tich giac due xep hang d i u the gidi Cdn ve cho'ng khimg bd', sau vu 11/9/2001, cimg vdi viec t h i n h lap Bp An ninh npi dia la nhiing chinh sich, ke hoach, bien phip an ninh nghiem ngat, kip thdi, hieu qua, nen cho den nay, d My chUa xiy them vu khimg bd'nid Nhufng c h i n h s a c h doi noi cd b a n cua My h i e n n a y 2.1 Thiet lap vd phdt trien mot Ngi cdc da dgng, cdi md, ldm viec hieu qud Ngay sau dac cif, Tdng thd'ng Obama da b i t tay vao thie't lap Npi cac v i ong trd Tdng thd'ng My thie't lap xong dUdc tan Npi cac sdm nhat - h i n t h i n g trUdc nham chiic (20/12/2008 - 20/1/2009) Chu trUdng xay diing mpt Ndi cac da dang, cdi md va lam viec hieu qua Obama da lufa chpn, bd nhiem nhiing vien nhieu tinh each v i gd'c gic phong phU: ngUdi gdc A, ngUdi gd'c My Latinh, ngUdi gd'c Phi ngudi la phu nU ngudi la dang vien Cong boa (khong cimg dang Dan chu vdi Tdng thdng) Ba Hilda Solis l i nhan vat cd xu hudng cinh t i trdng dang Dan chu dUdc giao giut chiic Bp trUdng Lad ddng Hai dng La Hood va Robert CHAU MY NGAY NAY Gates la dang vien Cong hda cdi md, dUdc bd nhiem giut chiic Bp trUdng Giao thong va Bp trUdng Quo'c phdng, nhu mpt bieu tUdng cua doan ket ludng dang Nhiing ngUdi cdn lai tan Npi cac cua Tdng tho'ng Obama dUdc danh gia la cd xu hudng trung dung Hp la nhiing ngUdi cd ca tinh manh cd nang lufc, thufc dung va linh dpng, khac han nhiing nhan vat le me trcng Npi cac tien nhiem Bush Truf ong Bill Richardson tii nguyen riit lui khdi chufc Bp trudng ThUdng mai (ngay 4/1/2009) dd mpt sd be bdi ca nhan, toin bp tan Npi cac cua Obama da dUdc ThUdng vien My phe chuan vac thing 2/2009 va hoat dpng kha suon se, hieu qua tuf dd cho den Nhin mpt each sau hdn se thay, Tdng thd'ng Obama cdn ngim chia Npi cic cua minh nhdm ma trUdng nhdm nhU nhutng ccng cu thiet thufc giiip ong dieu h i n h linh vufc cd bin: Joseph Biden Phd Tdng thd'ng kiem scat nhdm cd the lufc ve Nha Trang: Rahm Emanuel, Chinh Van phdng Npi cic - kiem soit nhdm cd the ilic ve moi trUdng; Timdthy Geithner, Bp trUdng Tai chinh - kiem scat nhdm cd the lufc ve he thd'ng dii trut lien hang; v i Hillary Clinton, Ngoai trUdng - kiem scat nhdm cd the liic ve chinh sich doi ngoai 2.2 Khoi phuc nen kinh te vd tdi chinh Chinh sich khdi phuc nen kinh te va tai chinh tieu bieu nha't l i viec chinh quyen Obama da xay dutng va thuyet phuc hai Vien cua Qud'c hpi My thong qua gdi kich thich kinh te ldn nhat lich suf Hca Ky tri gia 787 ty USD, dUdc Tong tho'ng ky ban hanh luat vac 17/2/2009 vdi ten gpi Dao luat Phuc hdi va Tai diu tU My (ARRA of 2009) Gdi kich thich kinh te ddi da tao dUdc niem CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 11-2009 tin vao suf vufc day cua nen kinh te My Gdi chu ye'u la cit giam thue va kich thich tieu dimg n h i m kich cau kinh te (danh 36% cho cic khoin cit giam thue, 64% cho cic chUdng trinh xa hpi va d i u tU) Theo chUdng trinh nay, dai da sd ngudi lao dpng se dUdc giam thue - tuf 1/4/2009, mdi gia dinh tiet kiem dUdc khcang 65 USD mdi t h i n g va cd chufng 95%) sd hp gia dinh My n i m dien Ke hoach kich thich kinh te cua chinh quyen Obama cung hudng tdi hd trd cho cic nan nhan cua suy thcii dudi dang trd cap that nghiep, cufu trd lUdng thufc thufc pham, cham sdc sutc khoe Tuy nhien, nhUng ngudi thu nhap cac nha't (khoing 2% so' ngUdi phai ddng thue) se phii chiu mufc thue thu nhap cao hdn: chinh quyen Obama dii kien tang thue thu nhap tii 35% len 39,5%o ddi vdi nhUng ngUdi co thu nhap cao khdng dudi 250.000 USD mdi nam Theo danh gii cua Van phdng Ngin sich Qud'c hpi Hoa Ky (CBO), gdi kich thich kmh te 787 ty USD se lam tang GDP len 3,8% quy IV/2009 va tao them 2,3 trieu viec lim mdi cung thdi ky'l Dieu n i y cung cd nghia l i lam cho suy thoii kinh te giam thieu va tao nhUng hy vpng mdi cho cic n h i kinh doanh Chinh quyen Obama cung dang thufc hien chUdng trinh cho vay, hd trd doanh nghiep v i ca nhan vdi ba phUdng thifc Mdt Id, lap mpt quy cho vay mdi, giiip cung cap hieu qua cic khoan vay mua d td, vay t r i hpc phi, vay kinh doanh nhd cho ngUdi tieu dimg v i cic doanh nghiep Hai Id, dua ke hoach nha d de giiip kheang trieu gia dinh dang phai ddi mat vdi mdi de dea tich thu tai sin the chap, giam hdt cic khoin toan hang t h i n g cua hp va t i i t i i trd 27 cho cac tai s i n the chi'p cua hp (tren thufc te, mpt gia dinh trung binh ne'u tiep tuc nhan dUdc tai trd nhu vay co the tiet kiem gin 2.000 USD moi nam tai san the chap cua hp) Ba Id, diing sifc manh v i sii b i c trd cua chinh quyen lien bang de dim bio ring, nhUng ngan h i n g chu yeu ma ngUdi My diia vid ludn cd du uy tin v i tien bae de cho vay ci nhUng thdi diem khd khan nha't; budc cic chu ngan hang phai chiu trich nhiem cac, phii dieu chinh kinh doanh v i can ddi quye't toin cin thiet de ngan hang minh ludn tdn tai va phuc vu tich ciic khich hang 2.3 Chdng ldng phi vd sd dung tie't kiem, hieu qud cong quy Tuf len nam quyen cud'i thing 1/2009 cho den nay, chinh quyen Obama rat chii trpng thufc hien nhUng chinh sich chd'ng tham nhung, lang phi, tieu hieu la: Thd nhd't, chi thi cho ta't ci t h i n h vien Npi cac, nhdng quan chute hanh phip lien bang, thd'ng dd'c chinh quyen bang va thi trUdng chinh quyen dia phUdng phii chiu trich nhiem trUdc Tong thd'ng va nhan dan ve viec suf dung tifng khoin n g i n quy cdng cua hp Obama cung thiet lap mpt cd quan s i t gdm mpt Tdng tra cung cic nhan vien giiu ban linh, kinh nghiem chuyen mdn, trung thufc v i nhiet tinh de di giim sat, phit hien mpi trUdng hdp lang phi va gian ddi chi tieu cdng quy Thd hai, chinh quyen cho lap mpt website vdi ten gpi la recovery.com de mpi ngudi My cd the tha'y dUdc tien cua hp dang dUdc suf dung nhU the nid va d dau^ Thd ba, chinh quyen xem xet ky lUdng tifng van de trdng duf thid ban tdng the ngan sich lien bang h i n g nam de Icai bd nhUng chUdng trinh 28 SO 11-2009 gay lang phi va kem hieu qua, vdi dii kien se tiet kiem dUdc 2.000 ty USD thap ky tdi Trong ngan sach se cham dift cac chUdng trinh giao due khong hieu qua va cham dift viec trd cap triic tiep cho cic nginh nong nghiep ldn khong can den khoin trd cap dd Loai bd cac hdp ddng khdng qua dau t h i u da gay lang phi nhieu ty USD d Iraq va ddi mdi ngan sich quo'c phong de khong phai tra tien cho cic he tho'ng vu tif thdi Chien tranh Lanh m i My hien khdng sif dung Triet p h i suf lang phi, lufa dio va lam dung trcng chUdng trinh cham soc sifc khoe Cham dift viec cat giim thue doi vdi cic cdng ty dau tU nUdc ngoii va ddi vdi nhiing ngUdi My giiu CO nhat (chiem khoing 2% so' ngu'di My phai dong thue thu nhap) Thd tii, cam ban lanh dao cic ngan hang va cong ty t i i chinh mua sam hoang phi va chi thifdng qua miic cho nhung vien cua minh Thii ndm, tap trung sufa doi cich thufc ma Chinh phu phan bd cac hdp ddng va dau t h i u Tii d i u t h i n g 3/2009 Tdng tho'ng Obama da chi thi cho Giim dd'c Ngan sich Nha Tring Peter Orszag pho'i hdp vdi cic vien Npi cic cung nhung quan chute khic soan thio cic quy dinh hdp ddng mdi va soan xong vao cud! t h i n g 9/2009 Ke hoach n h i m tang cUdng tinh minh bach va cac dieu khoin kiem toan cic hdp ddng, nhd vay se khien cic n h i t h i u khd cd the xam pham tien cua nhung ngUdi ddng thue nen se tiet kiem che nhiing ngu'di dong thue My mdi nam tdi 40 ty USD Ngoai ke hoach n i y ciing se giup cic nha t h i u dpc lap cd the kiem du'dc cac duf i n tri gia tdi khoang 500 ty USD moi nam CHAU MY NGAY NAY 2.4 Phdt trien ndng liidng sgch, ndng liidng tdi sinh vd sd dung hdu ich ndng liidng Chinh quyen Obama khang dinh dang va se phat trien manh nang lUdng sach, nang lUdng tai sinh va sif dung hiiu ich nang lUdng - du nhiing linh vufc dang thua xa Nhat Ban, Dufc vi ci Trung Qudc Ngudn nang lUdng sach, nang lUdng tai sinh hien mdi chi chiem chUa diy 10% tdng ngudn nang lUdng dUdc suf dung tai My Trong gdi kich thich kinh te 787 ty USD, chinh quyen suf dung 50 ty USD chd ke hoach p h i t trien va md rpng tai s i n xua't nang lUdng Trong nam tdi ngudn nang lUdng t i i sinh cua My du kien se dUdc tang gap ddi Qud'c hpi dang scan thao dac luat dat mifc gidi ban tran diia tren thi trUdng dd'i vdi mufc dp d nhiem cacbon va thiic day viec san xua't nhieu hdn nang lUdng cd the tai che d My Chinh quyen se d i u tU 15 ty USD mdi nam de phat trien cic cdng nghe ve nang lUdng sach va hiiu ich nhU: nang lUdng siic gid nang lUdng mat trdi, nhien lieu sinh hpc tien tien, than sach va cac chung loai xe d td suf dung nhien lieu tiet kiem, hieu qui 2.5 Ddu tit cho chdm sdc sdc khoe Phai dd'i dien vdi mpt thufc te l i he thd'ng dich vu cham sdc sifc khoe d My nhiing nam g i n day ludn dufng hang d i u the gidi nhUng ngdn mpt lUdng ngan sach khimg khiep (nam 2008 chi tdi 2.300 ty USD, chie'm 16% GDP), ngoai ra, hien van cdn gin 50 trieu ngUdi My khdng cd hao hiem y te va nhieu ngUdi khac khong h i i long bd tien mua, ddng thdi nhiing ngUdi cd hio hiem y te nhUng chi dUdc hudng mpt so' dich vu cham sdc siic khoe nha't dinh ciing len tdi 25 trieu ngUdi, nen chinh quyen Obama dUa CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 11-2009 va thufc hien mpt so chinh sich trpng tam sau: Ngay tuf giiia t h i n g 2/2009, Qudc hpi da thong qua luat cung cap v i bao dam bio hiem y te cho 11 trieu tre em My cd cha me l i m viec day du thdi gian Chinh phu tap trung v i diu tU ldn nhat vao cdng t i e cham sdc phdng ngufa Ddng thdi, cung se d i u tu vio ho sd sifc khoe dien tuf va cdng nghe mdi de giam bdt nhiing sai set ding tiec, dim bao nhUng bi mat rieng tu va thap chi phi cho ngUdi dan hudng dich vu cham sdc sutc khoe Cic chUdng trinh, ke hoach tim kiem sii chuta tri nhUng can benh nan y (ung thu, AIDS ) dUdc thufc hien vdi nhUng phUdng thifc, xu hUdng mdi de cd the nhanh chdng dat ket qua hdn Ding chii y nha't li, dau ' thing 9/2009, Tdng thd'ng Obama de nghi Qud'c hpi nhanh chdng thdng qua duf luat ve ke hoach cai each y te Npi dung chinh cua ke hoach n i y la nhim dua dich vu bio hiem y te tdi hau het mpi ngUdi va cit giam chi phi de giam ginh nang cho ngan sich Neu dUdc thufc hien, khoing 97% dan sd My se cd bio hiem y te, dUdc hUdng day du mpi dich vu cham sdc siic khoe v i ngan sich chi phii chi khoang 900 ty USD mdi nam.^ 2.6 Phdt trien mgnh ngdnh gido diic Mac du nganh giao due My da va dang dat nhiing tich hang diu the gidi, nhUng Thdng diep lien bang ngiy 24/2/2009, Tdng thd'ng Obama canh bao rang, thufc trang nen giae due My chUa dat dUdc chat lUdng tUdng xifng vdi hinh thifc cua nd; suf thd d vdi giao due cdn cao, ty le bd hpc dai hpc d My la nhieu nha't sd vdi bat ky quc'c gia ccng nghiep hda nao va mpt nuta sd sinh vien khdng hac gid hoan viec hpc hanh cua minh Chinh ^ phu can thufc hien nhiing chUdng trinh phit trien giao due sau day: Mgt Id, xay diing mot nen giio due hoan chinh va mang tinh canh tranh Md rong dang ke giio due mim non va se tiep tuc cai thien chat lUdng he thd'ng giid due Hai la, cung cap cic ngudn liic cin thiet de ngan chan nhUng sii- cat giam v i sa thai giio vien Khuyen khich, khen thUdng suf nhiet tinh giing day v i chat lUdng chuyen mdn cua giio vien Ba Id, thufc hien ke hoach giiip them gin trieu hpc sinh cd the tiep can dUdc vdi giang dudng dai hpc Con em cua khoang 95% so' gia dinh dang cd thu nhap dudi 250.000 USD mdi nam hien dUdc trd cap 2.500 USD mdi ngUdi trdng ca qua trinh hpc dai hpc (4 nam) Bdn Id, de nghi mpi ngUdi dan My cam ket dinh it nha't nam tham gia giio due dai hpc hoac dao tao nghe" Yeu ciu phu huynh hpc sinh ket hdp quan ly v i giio due em minh chat che, hieu q u i hdn d nhUng liic va nhUng ndi ngoii trUdng hpc Ndm Id, thdng qua v i thufc hien luat ve khuyen khich phat trien giic due, tao dieu kien theo hpc dai hpc v i mute hpc phi hai ThUdng Nghi si Orrin Hatch v i Edward Kennedy khdi xUdng, de trinh 2.7 Duy tri dn dinh an ninh ngi dia vd cung co qud'c phdng Du sau vu khung bd 11/9/2001, npi dia nUdc My chUa phai chiu them vu nio niia, nhUng nguy cd la rat cac De dam bid tri an ninh npi dia, chinh quyen Obama dang dUa v i thiic hien cac chUdng trinh: md rpng chiic nang, quyen han va suf lien ket vdi cic cd quan khic cua Bp An nmh npi dia; nang cao chuyen mdn v i phUdng tien ky thuat cua lufc lifdng 30 SO 11-2009 cho'ng khung bo'; khong dan trii m i tap trung chd'ng nguy cd khimg bo' vao cac khu vTfc va thdi diem nhay cam, cii thien cdng tic duf bao de dat dp chinh xic hdn: de phong nhung phUdng tien vi hinh thifc khung bo' mdi cd the xiy tren dat My (dimg %!! hda hpc sinh hpc dien nUdc tao dich benh, hda hoan tren dien rpng) Ve cimg co' quo'c phong, chinh quyen Obama tiep tuc diu tu phit tnen cic loai vu mdi (siing laser, ten lufa sdng bdm thong minh, miy bay khong ngUdi lai robot chien tranh ), tinh nhue hda quan dpi, tang lufc lUdng phdng thu bd bien v i linh thuy d i n h bp, tang lUdng cho binh si tang quyen ldi va cham soc sifc khoe md rpng cho ciiu chien binh thiet lap cic khu vufc phdng thu chien lifdc tren dat My Ta't ca cic boat dpng cung cd quo'c phong deu phii hUdng den muc tieu cua Bp Quo'c phdng My: phong thu npi dia vung chic, gianh thang ldi neu cupc chien keo dai, thuc day an ninh tich ciic ngan chan xung dot hieu q u i va gianh thang lo'i chien tranh qud'c te neu My tham gia Su thay doi va cac xu hifo'ng doi noi sap tdi cua chinh quyen Obama 3.1 Ve chinh tri Tong tho'ng Obama dUdc coi l i mpt n h i chinh tri cdi md on hoa thich sii lien ket rpng rai khic h i n ngUdi tien nhiem la Bush vo'n k h i ciing r i n bio thu va tham chi ciic doan Dieu the hien rat ro r i n g viec thiet lap va suf dung Npi cac Neu nhU Npi cic cua Tdng thdng Obama gdm nhiing vien nhieu tinh each va goc gic phong phii: da sd deu co quan diem trung dung, thufc dung va lam viec nang dpng hieu qua thi Npi cac cua Tdng thdng tien nhiem Bush gdm CHAU MY NGAY NAY nhutng vien h i u het la ngUdi da trang (chi cd ngUdi gd'c Phi, ngUdi gd'c My Latinh ngUdi gd'c A) va ding vien Cong hda, it phu nut; du da so' li nhutng nhan vat cao tudi, nhieu kinh nghiem nhifng deu cd quan diem cifng ran "dieu hau" va chUa linh dpng trcng giai quyet cac van de Npi cic cua Obama dUdc duf doan la tdn tai lau dii den het nhiem ky cua Tong thong, se it cd suf thay ddi nhan sii nao - dac biet la hai nhdm: co the lufc ve Nha T r i n g (cua Phd Tong thd'ng Joseph Biden) va cd the lufc ve chinh sich doi ngoai (cua Ngoai trUdng Hillary Clinton) Su ndi len va lanh dao he tho'ng chinh tri cua dang Dan chu cung la mpt suf thay ddi ding chii y bdi dang Dan chu chi tifng lam dUdc viec cich day da 14 nam Tuy nhien, thufc trang lanh dao toan bp n i y dang phii dUdng dau vdi mpt so'khd khan, thach thufc Thd nhdt, Tdng thd'ng Obama cua ding Dan chu du nhan dUdc nhieu suf tin nhiem ca ngdi, nhUng van hi phe phan l i cdn ludng lii, mem mdng, thieu quyet doin va thieu cutng ran cic hoat dpng chinh tri cin thiet Thd hai, di s i n lanh dao cua dang Cong hda l i rat nang ne ma ding Dan chu chUa de thay ddi Thd ba, nUdc My dang phuc hdi kinh te rat cham va p h i i dd'i phd vdi tinh hinh ngcai giao phifc tap m i ca chinh quyen lan ban lanh dao va cac co' van cua dang Dan chu van chUa dUa dUdc giii phap hieu qua, thiet thufc, dot p h i Thd tit, ty le chiem da sd^ Quo'c hpi lien hang va thd'ng doc cac bang cua dang Dan chu hien chi la da so' tUdng doi chut khong phai la da so' ap dao nen rat de cd the hi thay ddi ky b i u cuf thing 11/2010 sap tdi - neu dieu xay thi vi the dang Dan chu giam siit CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 11-2009 n h i e u va Tong thd'ng O b a m a vat va hdn l a n h dad vifa p h a i dd'i d i u vifa p h a i hdp t i c m a n h me vdi dang Ccng hda 3.2 Ve kinh te Trong cupc hpp b i o n g i y 9/2/2009, Tong thd'ng O b a m a t u y e n bd doan tuyet vdi Tong thd'ng tien nhiem Bush n h a n thufc va hoach dinh chinh s i c h kinh te cung n h u doi phd vdi k h u n g h d i n g , suy t h d i i kinh te Thee dng, trdng bd'i c a n h hien nay, Nha nUdc phai tich ciic can thiep thi mdi cc the chan hUng n e n k i n h te v i b a n che h a u qua cua k h u n g hoang, suy thoii; chi Chinh p h u lien b a n g mdi cd du phUdng tien de hdi phuc nen kinh te dang hi te liet: 'Vdi k h u vufc tU n h a n hi suy yeu nghiem trpng bdi suy thdii, Chinh p h u l i thufc t h e cudi cung cd cic ngudn lufc de lam hdi sinh nen kinh te^"' N h u vay, O b a m a theo chu nghia kinh te thufc d u n g kieu Clinton; k h i c b i n vdi Bush theo chu nghia kinh te tuf mdi, vd'n hien dien m a n h tii thdi Reagan (giai truf quy dinh, phd mac cho thi trUdng tuf dieu tiet, N h i nUdc chi can thiep d mifc td'i thieu) Tong thd'ng O b a m a dang v i se cd ke hoach t a n g t h u e ddi vdi ngUdi giau, giam t h u e dd'i vdi ngUdi nghee v i t r u n g lUu; tai d a m p h a n Hiep dinh Tii ThUdng mai B i c My (NAFTA); tang cUdng sutc m a n h cho c i c nghiep doan; g i i m t h u e ldi n h u a n t h u dUdc tif d i u v i dd't; t a n g t h u e ddi vdi t h u nh^p t u b i n va cd tifc cua c i c tap doan; g i n kinh te vdi chinh sach cham soc sutc khoe toan dien Tuy nhien, gidi chuyen gia n h a n dinh, hpc thuyet kinh te cua O b a m a cd t h e dem lai t h u n h a p binh q u a n ldn hdn cho ngUdi dan My n h u n g t a n g trUdng kinh te se cham hdn Mac du thufc hien chinh sach d i n h t h u e cac, nhUng chinh quyen O b a m a se chi tieu n h i e u hdn va ngan 31 sach My - vd'n suy g i i m vi chinh s i c h cufu trd t i i chinh va t i c dpng cua suy thoai kinh te - se t h a m h u t nhieu hdn Ve hieu qua cua gdi kich thich k m h te 787 ty USD, hien da co t i c dung tich ciic, nhUng chUa nhieu Ly dc cd b a n l i khdng phai sd' tien khdng Id dd dUdc giii n g a n n a m 2009 nay, ma chi mpt p h i n : k h o i n g 150 ty USD dUdc g i i i n g a n trdng n a m 2009, 400 ty n a m 2010 v i so' cdn lai nhutng n a m tiep theo Ngoii ra, gdi kich thich kinh te cung dang va se tao n e n nhUng t h i c h thufc va hoai nghi: se la ngUdi "mdc v f cho goi n i y ; l i m t h e nao de dieu phd'i q u i t r i n h va ket qua thufc thi; g i i m sat va q u i n ly t h e n i o k h o a n vd'n kech sii nay; gdi n a y se tao a n h hUdng chinh tri gi nhiem ky cua Obama? 3.3 Ve ndng liidng Neu n h u dd'i vdi chinh quyen Bush trUdc day, n a n g lUdng chi la van de binh thudng, chung chung v i khong cd mpt ke hoach cung cd, p h i t trien cu the n i o , thi dd'i vdi chinh quyen O b a m a hien nay, n a n g lUdng lai trd t h i n h van de q u a n trpng, cap b i c h v i dUdc Uu tien Thed chinh s i c h nang lUdng cua Obama, vdng 10 n a m tdi Chinh phu My se chi 150 ty USD va thufc hien ba muc tieu: gan van de nang lUdng vdi kich thich kinh te, giam hieu ifng n h a kinh va phat trien an ninh nang lUdng NhU vay, chinh s i c h n i y dUdc coi la "mpt mui ten triing ba dich" Trong gdi kich thich k i n h te 787 ty USD se CO 50 ty USD dimg cho ke hoach p h a t trien va md rpng t i i s i n x u a t n a n g lUdng Muc tieu l i thdng qua ke hoach lam sach n a n g lUdng va p h i t trien ke hoach n a n g lUdng t i i sinh, se lam t h a y ddi thufc t r a n g n a n g lUdng d My, ddng thdi tad t h e m 460.000 cd hpi viec lam Trong 50 ty 32 SO 11-2009 USD du'dc diu tu se cd 14 ty dimg cho du an cai tao nang lu'dng 4,5 ty dimg vac viec cii tao he thd'ng dien thong mmh 6.4 ty dimg cho duf an lam sach nang lupng ty dimg de cii thien he tho'ng dien gia dinh Ngoai Chinh phu se chi 189 ty USD cho he thd'ng "giao thdng xanh" - chu yeu la cai tao he tho'ng giao thong va cong trinh quoc 16 gan vdi van de nang lUdng va moi trUdng Trdng chinh sich nang lUdng cua Obama muc tieu phit trien an ninh nang lUdng du'dc coi la chu yeu Theo thd nhdt van de "nang lu'dng dpc lap" la phUdng an mdi va phii cUdng quyet thiic hien cho den nam 2019 My se xoi bd sii phu thuoc vao ngudn nang lu'dng nhap khau tut Trung Ddng va Venezuela, khien cac chinh sich do'i ngcai cua My tai hai khu \'Uc dUdc "tu dd", linh dpng hdn Thd hai neu chinh quyen Bush tru'dc day chi quan tam den viec la cac ngudn va cac qud'c gia cung ufng nang lUdng c6 the dap ufng dUp'c nhu cau cua nu'dc My hay khcng thi chinh quyen Obama hien lai quan tam den \dec phit trien nang lUdng tai sinh, suf dung hieu qui tiet kiem nang lu'dng va cupc chien chd'ng bien ddi hau Bp Nang lUdng My dang len ke hoach cu the ve phat trien nang lu'dng mat trdi sifc gio til smh va cic nguon nang lUdng sach khac 3.4 Ve chdm sdc sdc khoe vd phdt trien gido due Neu nhu chinh quyen tien nhiem Bush cham soc sifc khoe va phat trien giao due thUdng chi tap trung vao cac chu de bifc xiic mang tinh do'i thi chinh quyen Obama lai hudng tdi sii dau tu phat trien rpng rai va toan dien hieu qua Ddi vdi linh vufc cham soc sufc khoe, chinh sich cua Obama la nang cap CHAU MY NGAY NAY tang cd sd cua dich vu cham sdc sufc khoe, d i u tu cho viec phdng benh va thufc hien ke hoach cai each y te sac cho h i u het mpi ngUdi My deu dUdc bao hiem y te ma ngan sach chi cho viec chi bang mpt niia chinh quyen tien nhiem (chinh quyen Bush tifng chi gap doi van co khoang 30%) so' ngudi My khdng dUdc bid hiem y te) Dd'i vdi linh vufc giic due, chinh sich cua Obama la thie't lap mpt nen giio due hoan chinh, mang tinh canh tranh: phat trien ta't ca cac cap giao due nhu'ng tap trung va Uu tien cap mam non va dai hpc; gia tang quyen ldi cua giao vien; trd cap cho sinh vien: nang cao tinh trach nhiem cua phu huynh va xa hpi dd'i vdi hpc sinh em minh 3.5 Ve an ninh ngi dia vd qud'c phong Chinh quyen Bush phat trien manh viec bao ve an ninh npi dia va cho'ng khung bo' nhUng thufc hien d i n t r i i , khdng trpng tam, lim suy giim hieu qua (canh bao qua mufc, dii bao khimg bd' sai, chi phi nhieu ) Chinh quyen Obama se khac phuc dieu dd bang viec tap trung vio giai quyet hdp ly yeu to' cua cdng viec nay: khu vufc thdi dierri va nhu cau Ve cung co' quo'c phdng, chinh quyen Obama se tinh nhue hoa phUdng tien v i lufc lu'dng quan suf, cii td he thd'ng tinh bao thiet lap cac khu vufc phdng thu chien lUdc tren tean lien bang, ddng thdi tap trung phat trien cdng tac phan tich, duf bio tinh hinh quan suf the gidi cung nhutng doi tUdng, nhutng nguy cd cd the mang den chien tranh cho nUdc My Nhu vay-, nhin tdng the ve chinh sach do'i npi, chinh quyen Obama dii van ke thifa nhUng thay ddi rat nhieu so vdi chinh quyen tien nhiem Bush Su thay ddi tieu hieu nha't la chinh CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 11-2009 sach ddi ndi cua chinh quyen Obama tap trung hdn, chii trpng nhieu den yeu to' chi phi v i hieu qua Tuy nhien, suf thay ddi tich ciic dd cung kem theo ban che la khdng da dang nhU chinh sich do'i npi cua chinh quyen Bush: nhieu van de tuf trUdc den van rat quan trpng, cap bach ddi vdi nUdc My nhu cai each tU p h i p , dd'i phd tinh trang nhap cU, p h i t trien he thd'ng phiic ldi da dUdc chinh quyen Bush de cap, chii y v i thufc hien, cdn chinh quyen Obama thi chUa • Tdi lieu tham khdo: Authony Tarantino, Governance, Risk, and Compliance Handbook, Wiley & Son Inc 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Nxb Thanh Ho Chi Mmh, Thanh Ho Chi Minh, 2009 12 Guillaume Serina, Barack Obama hay gidc md mdi ciia ngiidi My, Nxb Hoi Nha van, Ha Noi, 2009 13 Quoc Thieu & Hien Luong, Nu'dc My: Cugc chuyen giao quyen liic lich sU, Nxb Quan doi nhan dan, Ha Noi, 2009 14 Tap chi Foreign Affairs, cac nam 2007, 2008 & 2009 15 Tap chi Chdu My ngdy nay, cac nam 2007, 2008 & 2009 16 Tap chi Nghien ctiu Qudc te, cac nam 2007, 2008 & 2009 17 Tap chi Nhiing van de kinh te & chinh tri the gidi, cac nam 2007, 2008 & 2009 18 Cac website: - www.whitehouse.gov I - www.senate.gov I - www.house.gov I - www.supremecourtus.gov I - www.foreignaffairs.org I - www.politicalstudies.org I - www.opendemocracy.net I - www.fas.org I irp I world I - home.vnn.vn I - vnexpress.net I - vi.wikipedia.orgI Chu thich: 1) Thong tan xa Viet Nam, Tai lieu tham khao dac biet, 7/2/2009, tr.3 2); 3) Tap chi Chau My nay, so' 137 nam 2009, tr.l5; tr.l8 4); 5) Thong tan xa 'Viet Nam, Tai lieu tham khao dac biet, 10/3/2009, t r l l ; tr.20 6) Thong tan xa Viet Nam, Tin kinh te, 12/2/2009, tr.3